University of Toronto (U OF T )

Summarized notes for PSYB55 Fall 2022 CHapter 6 notes.

Summarized notes for PSYB55 Fall 2022 CHapter 6 notes.

Summarized notes for PSYB55 Fall 2022 CHapter 6 notes.

Summarized notes for PSYB55 Fall 2022 CHapter 6 notes.

Hemoglobin correct answer: Tetramer of two alpha and two beta polypeptide chains Contains heme Globin is a protein Which amino acid change is involved in sickle cell anemia? correct answer: Glu6Val A single amino acid change in the beta chain of hemoglobin causes sickle cell anemia HbS forms long polymers that change the shape of the RBC Where are hydrophobic and hydrophilic amino acids usually found in a protein? correct answer: Hydrophobic on the inside (non-polar interio...

Which ONE of the following amino acids may be linked covalently to an oligosaccharide via an O-glycosidic bond? A. Glc B. Tyr C. Thr D. Asp correct answer: C - Thr has an OH side chain Which ONE of the following statements is CORRECT regarding the role of thermodynamics in glycolysis? A. It is spontaneous in the forward direction due to the cleavage of glucose into 2 molecules. B. ATP is required as the pathways is unfavourable under standard conditions. C. Thermodynamically favourabl...

What is the formula for a monosaccharide? Use an example to describe how monosaccharides link to form disaccharides correct answer: (CH2O)*n, where n is the number of carbons and must be greater than 3 (e.g. glucose has 6 carbons, C6H12O6). Glucose and fructose are both monosaccharides, which link through a glycosidic bond to form sucrose, a disaccharide Name, classify and describe the two simplest monosaccharides (3 carbons) correct answer: Glyceraldehyde: Aldo-triose, aldehyde on one end ...

How does membrane formation occur? correct answer: decrease in ionic bond with water What are the main functions of the cell membrane? correct answer: - barrier regulating the import and export of essential molecules - Compartmentalization of specialized processes increases cellular efficiency. - modulates cell-cell recognition due to the presence of glycoproteins and glycolipids. - Signalling across the membrane is mediated by proteins and lipids. What is the fluid mosaic model? corr...

Direction of phospholipid movement in flippases? correct answer: Outer to inner leaflet Moves PE (neutral) and PS (-1) Direction of phospholipid movement in floppases? correct answer: Inner to outer leaflet Function of Scramblase correct answer: Increases membrane SYMMETRY Moves phospholipids down their conc gradient Result of adding crosslinkers into cell membrane for FRAP correct answer: Slows down diffusion of phospholipids; slower recovery rate Entropy of lipids [?] when ...

Classifications of proteins are based on.... correct answer: - position in the cell (membrane/soluble/extracellular) - function (transporter/enzyme/structural/hormone) - other molecules associated w/ it (glycoprotein - sugar, lipoprotein - lipid) A salt bridge is an....bond and is an example of a.....interaction correct answer: ionic, non-covalent Are salt bridges easier to break in biochem? Why? correct answer: - Yes- Interacting w/ surrounding solvent (water) Is an O bonded to a ...

What are some membrane properties? correct answer: - Composed of lipid bilayer that are impermeable to polar or charged molecules. - Hydrophobic effect drives membrane formation of amphipathic molecules - Membranes are asymmetric and composed of lipids and proteins - Membrane proteins play key roles in transport of molecules and transduction of info across the membrane What are essential membrane functions? correct answer: - Act as a barrier regulating import and export of essential mo...

proteins correct answer: polymers of amino acids linked in a linear chain by peptide/amide bonds (polypeptides) polysaccharides correct answer: polymers of sugars (mono-saccharides) linked in linear and branched chains by glycosidic bonds DNA correct answer: polymers of nucleotides linked in linear chains by phosphodiester bonds protein enzymes correct answer: Linkages (bonds) are formed/broken by _______? sickle cell anemia correct answer: a single amino acid change in hemoglob...

functions of the membrane correct answer: -the structure of the membrane is key for its function -act as a barrier regulating import and export of molecules -help with compartmentalization of the cell, creating particular environments for certain processes so multiple specialized processes could occur at once -modulates cell-cell recognition with their glycoproteins and glycolipids located on the outer leaflet facing the cytosol -signaling across the membrane by proteins and lipids p...

identify all the polar amino acids correct answer: cysteine (cys), asparatate (asp), glutamate (glu), histidine (his) , lysine (lys), asparagine (asn), arginine (arg), serine (ser), threonine (thr), and glutamine (gln) identify all the nonpolar (hydrophobic) amino acids correct answer: alanine (ala), proline (pro), phenylalanine (phe), valine (val), leucine (leu), and isoleucine (ile) identify all of the amphipathic/mixed properties amino acids: correct answer: methionine (met), tyrosin...

What are the different biochemical molecules of life? correct answer: - proteins = antibodies, receptors, transorters, hormones enzymes - lipids = fats, cholesterol, hormones - sugars = energy, cell structure - nucleic acids = DNA, RNA - small molecules= vitamines, metabolites - ions = K+, Na+, Ca2+, Cl- - water What are the 2 different types of hormones? correct answer: - protein/ lipid derivative What determines the function of a molecules correct answer: structure What cause...

Membranes (both outside and inside the cell) correct answer: Not a static structure, very important for cell function. They contain proteins that are very complex and vital to cell life. Mitochondria membranes correct answer: Very vital for the cell, has both an inner and outer membrane. What drives membrane formation? correct answer: A decrease in ionic interactions with water / limiting the hydrophobic interactions drives membrane formation. Lipid tails are ... correct answer: Hyd...

What are the three types of membrane proteins? correct answer: 1) Peripheral 2) Integral 3) Lipid anchored What are peripheral membrane proteins? correct answer: - Adhere to surface of lipid membranes or integral membrane proteins through non-covalent interactions - Can be removed using milder conditions What is the signature amino acid sequence for amphipathic helices? correct answer: P-P-NP-NP-P-P-NP-NP alternating polar and non-polar aa What are integral membrane proteins? ...

Functions of biological membranes correct answer: - barrier (import/export) -compartmentalization of essential molecules (incrs. efficiency) - cell signaling-mediated by pr & lipids (receptors) - modulate cell-cell recognition (glycoproteins & glycolipids) What's responsible for membrane formation correct answer: decrease in ionic interactions w/ h2o (HYDROPHOBIC EFFECT) -h20X tails aggregate to hide from h2o (lots of n-c interactions) -polar heads interact w/ h2o Decreases membrane ...

What does Rotenone and amytal do? correct answer: Inhibit electron flow from complex I to CoQ What does antimycin A do? correct answer: blocks complex III What does Cyanide, azide and Co do? correct answer: Inhibit complex IV what does oligomycin do? correct answer: inhibits ATP synthase, by binding to c subunit of ATP synthase blocking the flow of protons What are uncouplers? correct answer: disconnect ATP synthesis from electron flow, have ability to transport protons across i...

sucrose correct answer: glucose + fructose with a glycosidic bond simple monosaccharide correct answer: formula: (CH2O)n -simplest carbohydrates -have an aldehyde or ketone group sugars with a aldehyde have a prefix aldo- sugars with a ketone group have a prefix keto- -if a ketose, the ketone group is always at carbon 2- this decreases the amount of isomers that could form -made up of chiral carbons- allowing the sugars to form different isomers, leading to structural diversity (aldos...