Chapter 1 Introduction and Basic Concepts
SOLUTION MANUAL FOR
FLUID MECHANICS: FUNDAMENTALS AND APPLICATIONS
by Yunus Cengel
4th Edition
, Chapter 1 Introduction and Basic Concepts
Solutions Manual For
Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals And Applications
4th Edition
Yunus A. Çengel & John M. Cimbala
Mcgraw-Hill, 2013
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION AND BASIC CONCEPTS
PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL
This Manual Is The Proprietary Property Of The Mcgraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
(“Mcgraw-Hill”) And Protected By Copyright And Other State And Federal Laws. By
Opening And Using This Manual The User Agrees To The Following Restrictions, And
If The Recipient Does Not Agree To These Restrictions, The Manual Should Be
Promptly Returned Unopened To Mcgraw-Hill: This Manual Is Being Provided Only
To Authorized Professors And Instructors For Use In Preparing For The Classes
Using The Affiliated Textbook. No Other Use Or Distribution Of This Manual Is
Permitted. This Manual May Not Be Sold And May Not Be Distributed To Or
Used By Any Student Or Other Third Party. No Part Of This Manual May Be
Reproduced, Displayed Or Distributed In Any Form Or By Any Means, Electronic
Or Otherwise, Without The Prior Written Permission Of Mcgraw-Hill.
, Chapter 1 Introduction and Basic Concepts
Introduction, Classification, And System
1-1C
Solution We Are To Define A Fluid And How It Differs Between A Solid And A Gas.
Analysis A Substance In The Liquid Or Gas Phase Is Referred To As A Fluid. A Fluid Differs From A Solid
In That A Solid Can Resist An Applied Shear Stress By Deforming, Whereas A Fluid Deforms Continuously Under The
Influence Of Shear Stress, No Matter How Small. A Liquid Takes The Shape Of The Container It Is In, And A Liquid
Forms A Free Surface In A Larger Container In A Gravitational Field. A Gas, On The Other Hand, Expands Until It
Encounters The Walls Of The Container And Fills The Entire Available Space.
Discussion The Subject Of Fluid Mechanics Deals With Ball Fluids, Both Gases And Liquids.
1-2C
Solution We Are To Determine Whether The Flow Of Air Over The Wings Of An Aircraft And The Flow Of Gases
Through A Jet Engine Is Internal Or External.
Analysis The Flow Of Air Over The Wings Of An Aircraft Is External Since This Is An Unbounded Fluid Flow
Over A Surface. The Flow Of Gases Through A Jet Engine Is Internal Flow Since The Fluid Is Completely Bounded By
The Solid Surfaces Of The Engine.
Discussion If We Consider The Entire Airplane, The Flow Is Both Internal (Through The Jet Engines) And External
(Over The Body And Wings).
1-3C
Solution We Are To Define Incompressible And Compressible Flow, And Discuss Fluid Compressibility.
Analysis A Fluid Flow During Which The Density Of The Fluid Remains Nearly Constant Is Called
Incompressible Flow. A Flow In Which Density Varies Significantly Is Called Compressible Flow. A Fluid Whose
Density Is Practically Independent Of Pressure (Such As A Liquid) Is Commonly Referred To As An “Incompressible
Fluid,” Although It Is More Proper To Refer To Incompressible Flow. The Flow Of Compressible Fluid (Such As Air)
Does Not Necessarily Need To Be Treated As Compressible Since The Density Of A Compressible Fluid May Still Remain
Nearly Constant During Flow – Especially Flow At Low Speeds.
Discussion It Turns Out That The Mach Number Is The Critical Parameter To Determine Whether The Flow Of A Gas
Can Be Approximated As An Incompressible Flow. If Ma Is Less Than About 0.3, The Incompressible Approximation
Yields Results That Are In Error By Less Than A Couple Percent.
1-4C
Solution We Are To Define Internal, External, And Open-Channel Flows.
Analysis External Flow Is The Flow Of An Unbounded Fluid Over A Surface Such As A Plate, A Wire, Or A
Pipe. The Flow In A Pipe Or Duct Is Internal Flow If The Fluid Is Completely Bounded By Solid Surfaces. The Flow Of
Liquids In A Pipe Is Called Open-Channel Flow If The Pipe Is Partially Filled With The Liquid And There Is A Free
Surface, Such As The Flow Of Water In Rivers And Irrigation Ditches.
Discussion As We Shall See In Later Chapters, Different Approximations Are Used In The Analysis Of Fluid Flows
Based On Their Classification.
, Chapter 1 Introduction and Basic Concepts
1-5C
Solution We Are To Define The Mach Number Of A Flow And The Meaning For A Mach Number Of 2.
Analysis The Mach Number Of A Flow Is Defined As The Ratio Of The Speed Of Flow To The Speed Of
Sound In The Flowing Fluid. A Mach Number Of 2 Indicate A Flow Speed That Is Twice The Speed Of Sound In
That Fluid.
Discussion Mach Number Is An Example Of A Dimensionless (Or Nondimensional) Parameter.
1-6C
Solution We Are To Discuss If The Mach Number Of A Constant-Speed Airplane Is Constant.
Analysis No. The Speed Of Sound, And Thus The Mach Number, Changes With Temperature Which May
Change Considerably From Point To Point In The Atmosphere.
1-7C
Solution We Are To Determine If The Flow Of Air With A Mach Number Of 0.12 Should Be
Approximated As Incompressible.
Analysis Gas Flows Can Often Be Approximated As Incompressible If The Density Changes Are Under About 5
Percent, Which Is Usually The Case When Ma < 0.3. Therefore, Air Flow With A Mach Number Of 0.12 May Be
Approximated As Being Incompressible.
Discussion Air Is Of Course A Compressible Fluid, But At Low Mach Numbers, Compressibility Effects Are Insignificant.
1-8C
Solution We Are To Define The No-Slip Condition And Its Cause.
Analysis A Fluid In Direct Contact With A Solid Surface Sticks To The Surface And There Is No Slip. This Is
Known As The No-Slip Condition, And It Is Due To The Viscosity Of The Fluid.
Discussion There Is No Such Thing As An Inviscid Fluid, Since All Fluids Have Viscosity.
1-9C
Solution We Are To Define Forced Flow And Discuss The Difference Between Forced And Natural Flow. We
Are Also To Discuss Whether Wind-Driven Flows Are Forced Or Natural.
Analysis In Forced Flow, The Fluid Is Forced To Flow Over A Surface Or In A Tube By External Means Such As
A Pump Or A Fan. In Natural Flow, Any Fluid Motion Is Caused By Natural Means Such As The Buoyancy Effect That
Manifests Itself As The Rise Of The Warmer Fluid And The Fall Of The Cooler Fluid. The Flow Caused By Winds Is
Natural Flow For The Earth, But It Is Forced Flow For Bodies Subjected To The Winds Since For The Body It Makes
No Difference Whether The Air Motion Is Caused By A Fan Or By The Winds.
Discussion As Seen Here, The Classification Of Forced Vs. Natural Flow May Depend On Your Frame Of Reference.
1-4
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
SOLUTION MANUAL FOR
FLUID MECHANICS: FUNDAMENTALS AND APPLICATIONS
by Yunus Cengel
4th Edition
, Chapter 1 Introduction and Basic Concepts
Solutions Manual For
Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals And Applications
4th Edition
Yunus A. Çengel & John M. Cimbala
Mcgraw-Hill, 2013
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION AND BASIC CONCEPTS
PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL
This Manual Is The Proprietary Property Of The Mcgraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
(“Mcgraw-Hill”) And Protected By Copyright And Other State And Federal Laws. By
Opening And Using This Manual The User Agrees To The Following Restrictions, And
If The Recipient Does Not Agree To These Restrictions, The Manual Should Be
Promptly Returned Unopened To Mcgraw-Hill: This Manual Is Being Provided Only
To Authorized Professors And Instructors For Use In Preparing For The Classes
Using The Affiliated Textbook. No Other Use Or Distribution Of This Manual Is
Permitted. This Manual May Not Be Sold And May Not Be Distributed To Or
Used By Any Student Or Other Third Party. No Part Of This Manual May Be
Reproduced, Displayed Or Distributed In Any Form Or By Any Means, Electronic
Or Otherwise, Without The Prior Written Permission Of Mcgraw-Hill.
, Chapter 1 Introduction and Basic Concepts
Introduction, Classification, And System
1-1C
Solution We Are To Define A Fluid And How It Differs Between A Solid And A Gas.
Analysis A Substance In The Liquid Or Gas Phase Is Referred To As A Fluid. A Fluid Differs From A Solid
In That A Solid Can Resist An Applied Shear Stress By Deforming, Whereas A Fluid Deforms Continuously Under The
Influence Of Shear Stress, No Matter How Small. A Liquid Takes The Shape Of The Container It Is In, And A Liquid
Forms A Free Surface In A Larger Container In A Gravitational Field. A Gas, On The Other Hand, Expands Until It
Encounters The Walls Of The Container And Fills The Entire Available Space.
Discussion The Subject Of Fluid Mechanics Deals With Ball Fluids, Both Gases And Liquids.
1-2C
Solution We Are To Determine Whether The Flow Of Air Over The Wings Of An Aircraft And The Flow Of Gases
Through A Jet Engine Is Internal Or External.
Analysis The Flow Of Air Over The Wings Of An Aircraft Is External Since This Is An Unbounded Fluid Flow
Over A Surface. The Flow Of Gases Through A Jet Engine Is Internal Flow Since The Fluid Is Completely Bounded By
The Solid Surfaces Of The Engine.
Discussion If We Consider The Entire Airplane, The Flow Is Both Internal (Through The Jet Engines) And External
(Over The Body And Wings).
1-3C
Solution We Are To Define Incompressible And Compressible Flow, And Discuss Fluid Compressibility.
Analysis A Fluid Flow During Which The Density Of The Fluid Remains Nearly Constant Is Called
Incompressible Flow. A Flow In Which Density Varies Significantly Is Called Compressible Flow. A Fluid Whose
Density Is Practically Independent Of Pressure (Such As A Liquid) Is Commonly Referred To As An “Incompressible
Fluid,” Although It Is More Proper To Refer To Incompressible Flow. The Flow Of Compressible Fluid (Such As Air)
Does Not Necessarily Need To Be Treated As Compressible Since The Density Of A Compressible Fluid May Still Remain
Nearly Constant During Flow – Especially Flow At Low Speeds.
Discussion It Turns Out That The Mach Number Is The Critical Parameter To Determine Whether The Flow Of A Gas
Can Be Approximated As An Incompressible Flow. If Ma Is Less Than About 0.3, The Incompressible Approximation
Yields Results That Are In Error By Less Than A Couple Percent.
1-4C
Solution We Are To Define Internal, External, And Open-Channel Flows.
Analysis External Flow Is The Flow Of An Unbounded Fluid Over A Surface Such As A Plate, A Wire, Or A
Pipe. The Flow In A Pipe Or Duct Is Internal Flow If The Fluid Is Completely Bounded By Solid Surfaces. The Flow Of
Liquids In A Pipe Is Called Open-Channel Flow If The Pipe Is Partially Filled With The Liquid And There Is A Free
Surface, Such As The Flow Of Water In Rivers And Irrigation Ditches.
Discussion As We Shall See In Later Chapters, Different Approximations Are Used In The Analysis Of Fluid Flows
Based On Their Classification.
, Chapter 1 Introduction and Basic Concepts
1-5C
Solution We Are To Define The Mach Number Of A Flow And The Meaning For A Mach Number Of 2.
Analysis The Mach Number Of A Flow Is Defined As The Ratio Of The Speed Of Flow To The Speed Of
Sound In The Flowing Fluid. A Mach Number Of 2 Indicate A Flow Speed That Is Twice The Speed Of Sound In
That Fluid.
Discussion Mach Number Is An Example Of A Dimensionless (Or Nondimensional) Parameter.
1-6C
Solution We Are To Discuss If The Mach Number Of A Constant-Speed Airplane Is Constant.
Analysis No. The Speed Of Sound, And Thus The Mach Number, Changes With Temperature Which May
Change Considerably From Point To Point In The Atmosphere.
1-7C
Solution We Are To Determine If The Flow Of Air With A Mach Number Of 0.12 Should Be
Approximated As Incompressible.
Analysis Gas Flows Can Often Be Approximated As Incompressible If The Density Changes Are Under About 5
Percent, Which Is Usually The Case When Ma < 0.3. Therefore, Air Flow With A Mach Number Of 0.12 May Be
Approximated As Being Incompressible.
Discussion Air Is Of Course A Compressible Fluid, But At Low Mach Numbers, Compressibility Effects Are Insignificant.
1-8C
Solution We Are To Define The No-Slip Condition And Its Cause.
Analysis A Fluid In Direct Contact With A Solid Surface Sticks To The Surface And There Is No Slip. This Is
Known As The No-Slip Condition, And It Is Due To The Viscosity Of The Fluid.
Discussion There Is No Such Thing As An Inviscid Fluid, Since All Fluids Have Viscosity.
1-9C
Solution We Are To Define Forced Flow And Discuss The Difference Between Forced And Natural Flow. We
Are Also To Discuss Whether Wind-Driven Flows Are Forced Or Natural.
Analysis In Forced Flow, The Fluid Is Forced To Flow Over A Surface Or In A Tube By External Means Such As
A Pump Or A Fan. In Natural Flow, Any Fluid Motion Is Caused By Natural Means Such As The Buoyancy Effect That
Manifests Itself As The Rise Of The Warmer Fluid And The Fall Of The Cooler Fluid. The Flow Caused By Winds Is
Natural Flow For The Earth, But It Is Forced Flow For Bodies Subjected To The Winds Since For The Body It Makes
No Difference Whether The Air Motion Is Caused By A Fan Or By The Winds.
Discussion As Seen Here, The Classification Of Forced Vs. Natural Flow May Depend On Your Frame Of Reference.
1-4
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
