BIO101 Cell Structure, Enzymes, Respiration,
Diffusion, Organ Systems, Nutrition, Lungs,
Exercise, and Balanced Diet Concepts
What does an animal cell consist of? - Cell membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria,
nucleus
What does a plant cell consist of? - Permanent vacuole, cell membrane, cell wall,
mitochondria, chloroplasts which are full of chlorophyll, cytoplasm, nucleus
What is their role of the nucleus? - Controls the activity of the cells
What is the role of the cell membrane? - Selectively permeable membrane which controls the
substances passing in and out of the cell
What is the role of mitochondria? - Carry out some of the reactions of respiration to release
energy that the cell can use
What is the role of cytoplasm? - Complex material made of many different structures where
all the chemical reactions take place
What is the role of the cell wall? - Made of carbohydrate called cellulose which is a tough
material that helps the cell keep its shape,it is freely permeable
What is the role of chloroplasts? - These contain chlorophyll and are green. The chloroplasts
absorb light energy to make food in the process of photosynthesis
What is the role of the vacuole? - This is a permanent feature of the cell and is filled with cell
sap which is a store of dissolved sugars, mineral ions and other solutes
What is a catalyst and state the link between a catalyst and enzyme - An enzyme is a
biological catalyst which means that it speeds up a reaction without being used up
itself
How are the activities of a cell controlled? - The nucleus contains genes, which control the
production of enzymes, which catalyst reactions in the cytoplasm
What is a metabolic reaction? - A chemical reaction taken place inside a cell
Describe th process of enzyme 'lock and key' action - 1. The substrate enters the enzymes
active site as it's active site is complimentary to the enzymes forming an enzyme substrate
complex
2. The reaction takes place and products are formed which leave the active site
Name one factor which affects enzymes - Temperature: in the human body work best at 37C
which is their optimum temperature. After this point the enzymes departure as the active site
changes shape. Before this point, as the temperature rises, so does the rate of reaction as it
,will give the molecules of molecules of enzyme and substrate more energy, so they will
collide more frequently
Describe an investigation which shows the effect of temperature on enzymes - Starch and
amylase:
C--> change the temperature of each solution of amylase and starch
O--> Use the same amount of starch and amylase in each solution and keep them in the water
baths for the same amount of time
R--> Repeat the tests for each temperature
M-->Use iodine to test for starch once you've placed the solution on a spotting tile. Time in
minutes and when iodine has changed colour from black/brown- yellow no more starch is
present
S--> Keep the concentration the same so the same amount of amylase and starch in each test
tube and the length of time in the water bath.
How do cells get energy and what can this energy be used for? - Get energy through the
process of respiration and energy can be used to contract muscle cells to produce movement,
for active transport of ions and minerals, building large molecules such as proteins and cell
division and also release glucose in small amounts when aerobic
What is the word and symbol equation for aerobic respiration? - Glucose + Oxygen -->
Carbon Dioxide + Water (+ Energy)
C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O (+ Energy)
What is anaerobic respiration and how does it differ from aerobic respiration? - Anaeobic
respiration is when cells respite without the use of oxygen. Unlike aerobic respiration glucose
is not completely broken down and less energy is released.
Give two examples where cells respite anaerobically - In yeast and muscle cells
State the word and symbol equation which occurs when yeast resources anaerobically -
Glucose --> Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide (+ Some energy)
C6H12O6 --> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 (+Some Energy)
State the word and symbol equation which occurs when muscle cells respite anaerobically -
Glucose --> Ethanol (+ Some energy)
C6H12O6 --> 2C3H6O3 (+Some Energy)
What is oxygen debt? - The volume of oxygen needed to completely oxidize the lactic acid
that builds up in the body during anaerobic respiration
Describe the term 'Diffusion' - Diffusion is the movement of substances (ions and molecules)
from a high concentration to a low concentration (down the concentration gradient) with the
help of kinetic energy of the particles.
, What can speed up the rate of diffusion? - A higher concentration gradient
Higher temperature which means that the particles have more kinetic energy
Distance is decreased
Surface area increased
Describe the term 'active transport' - Active transport is when substance move from a high
concentration to a low concentration (up the concentration gradient) with the use of ATP from
respiration.
The leaf: describe what happens with carbon dioxide and oxygen when a leaf cell is
photosynthesising - The concentration of CO2 is greater outside the leaf so diffuses into the
cell to be used for photosynthesis whilst oxygen in the leaf is more concentrated so diffuses
out of the leaf cell
Describe the term 'osmosis' - Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules from high water
potential to a low water potential through a partially permeable membrane.
Give an example where osmosis occurs - In plant roots
Describe an experiment to investigate diffusion - Demonstration of diffusion in a jelly:
Using agar blocks dyed with potassium Permanganate and dilute hydrochloric acid in a
breaker. Agar jelly has the consistency similar to the cytoplasm of a cell which means that it
has a high water content so it can show how substances diffuse through a cell. When
hydrochloric acid comes into contact with potassium permanganate, the purple colour.
For the experiment a Petri dish is prepared which contains a 2cm deep layer of agar jelly and
3 cubes of different sizes are cut out (2cm, 1cm and 0.5cm). They are the dropped into a
breaker of hydrochloric acid at the same time and timed.
What is a multicellular organs fertilized egg called? - A Zygote
What are 6 specialised cells? - 1. Nerve cell (neurone)
2. Smooth muscle cell from the wall of the intestine
3. Xylem vessel from the plant stem
4. Guard cells from surface of a leaf
5. Leaf palisade cell
6. Sperm cell
How is a neurone specialised? - It has an elongated part of cell (axon) for carrying nerve
impulses. In a diagram dotted lines show that the Adonis very long compared with the rest of
the cell
How is an intestine muscle cell specialised? - It is elongated and can contract to move food
through the cut
Diffusion, Organ Systems, Nutrition, Lungs,
Exercise, and Balanced Diet Concepts
What does an animal cell consist of? - Cell membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria,
nucleus
What does a plant cell consist of? - Permanent vacuole, cell membrane, cell wall,
mitochondria, chloroplasts which are full of chlorophyll, cytoplasm, nucleus
What is their role of the nucleus? - Controls the activity of the cells
What is the role of the cell membrane? - Selectively permeable membrane which controls the
substances passing in and out of the cell
What is the role of mitochondria? - Carry out some of the reactions of respiration to release
energy that the cell can use
What is the role of cytoplasm? - Complex material made of many different structures where
all the chemical reactions take place
What is the role of the cell wall? - Made of carbohydrate called cellulose which is a tough
material that helps the cell keep its shape,it is freely permeable
What is the role of chloroplasts? - These contain chlorophyll and are green. The chloroplasts
absorb light energy to make food in the process of photosynthesis
What is the role of the vacuole? - This is a permanent feature of the cell and is filled with cell
sap which is a store of dissolved sugars, mineral ions and other solutes
What is a catalyst and state the link between a catalyst and enzyme - An enzyme is a
biological catalyst which means that it speeds up a reaction without being used up
itself
How are the activities of a cell controlled? - The nucleus contains genes, which control the
production of enzymes, which catalyst reactions in the cytoplasm
What is a metabolic reaction? - A chemical reaction taken place inside a cell
Describe th process of enzyme 'lock and key' action - 1. The substrate enters the enzymes
active site as it's active site is complimentary to the enzymes forming an enzyme substrate
complex
2. The reaction takes place and products are formed which leave the active site
Name one factor which affects enzymes - Temperature: in the human body work best at 37C
which is their optimum temperature. After this point the enzymes departure as the active site
changes shape. Before this point, as the temperature rises, so does the rate of reaction as it
,will give the molecules of molecules of enzyme and substrate more energy, so they will
collide more frequently
Describe an investigation which shows the effect of temperature on enzymes - Starch and
amylase:
C--> change the temperature of each solution of amylase and starch
O--> Use the same amount of starch and amylase in each solution and keep them in the water
baths for the same amount of time
R--> Repeat the tests for each temperature
M-->Use iodine to test for starch once you've placed the solution on a spotting tile. Time in
minutes and when iodine has changed colour from black/brown- yellow no more starch is
present
S--> Keep the concentration the same so the same amount of amylase and starch in each test
tube and the length of time in the water bath.
How do cells get energy and what can this energy be used for? - Get energy through the
process of respiration and energy can be used to contract muscle cells to produce movement,
for active transport of ions and minerals, building large molecules such as proteins and cell
division and also release glucose in small amounts when aerobic
What is the word and symbol equation for aerobic respiration? - Glucose + Oxygen -->
Carbon Dioxide + Water (+ Energy)
C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O (+ Energy)
What is anaerobic respiration and how does it differ from aerobic respiration? - Anaeobic
respiration is when cells respite without the use of oxygen. Unlike aerobic respiration glucose
is not completely broken down and less energy is released.
Give two examples where cells respite anaerobically - In yeast and muscle cells
State the word and symbol equation which occurs when yeast resources anaerobically -
Glucose --> Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide (+ Some energy)
C6H12O6 --> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 (+Some Energy)
State the word and symbol equation which occurs when muscle cells respite anaerobically -
Glucose --> Ethanol (+ Some energy)
C6H12O6 --> 2C3H6O3 (+Some Energy)
What is oxygen debt? - The volume of oxygen needed to completely oxidize the lactic acid
that builds up in the body during anaerobic respiration
Describe the term 'Diffusion' - Diffusion is the movement of substances (ions and molecules)
from a high concentration to a low concentration (down the concentration gradient) with the
help of kinetic energy of the particles.
, What can speed up the rate of diffusion? - A higher concentration gradient
Higher temperature which means that the particles have more kinetic energy
Distance is decreased
Surface area increased
Describe the term 'active transport' - Active transport is when substance move from a high
concentration to a low concentration (up the concentration gradient) with the use of ATP from
respiration.
The leaf: describe what happens with carbon dioxide and oxygen when a leaf cell is
photosynthesising - The concentration of CO2 is greater outside the leaf so diffuses into the
cell to be used for photosynthesis whilst oxygen in the leaf is more concentrated so diffuses
out of the leaf cell
Describe the term 'osmosis' - Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules from high water
potential to a low water potential through a partially permeable membrane.
Give an example where osmosis occurs - In plant roots
Describe an experiment to investigate diffusion - Demonstration of diffusion in a jelly:
Using agar blocks dyed with potassium Permanganate and dilute hydrochloric acid in a
breaker. Agar jelly has the consistency similar to the cytoplasm of a cell which means that it
has a high water content so it can show how substances diffuse through a cell. When
hydrochloric acid comes into contact with potassium permanganate, the purple colour.
For the experiment a Petri dish is prepared which contains a 2cm deep layer of agar jelly and
3 cubes of different sizes are cut out (2cm, 1cm and 0.5cm). They are the dropped into a
breaker of hydrochloric acid at the same time and timed.
What is a multicellular organs fertilized egg called? - A Zygote
What are 6 specialised cells? - 1. Nerve cell (neurone)
2. Smooth muscle cell from the wall of the intestine
3. Xylem vessel from the plant stem
4. Guard cells from surface of a leaf
5. Leaf palisade cell
6. Sperm cell
How is a neurone specialised? - It has an elongated part of cell (axon) for carrying nerve
impulses. In a diagram dotted lines show that the Adonis very long compared with the rest of
the cell
How is an intestine muscle cell specialised? - It is elongated and can contract to move food
through the cut
