HESI RN ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
FINAL PAPER 2026 COMPLETE 160 TESTED
QUESTIONS AND SOLVED ANSWERS
⩥ metabolic alkalosis. Answer: high pH, high HCO3
⩥ respiratory acidosis. Answer: low pH, high CO2
⩥ respiratory alkalosis. Answer: high pH, low CO2
⩥ metabolic acidosis causes. Answer: Primary Cause: Addition of large
amounts of fixed acids to body fluids; Contributing Causes: Lactic
acidosis (circulatory failure), Ketoacidosis (diabetes, starvation),
Phosphates and sulfates (Renal dz), Acid ingestion (salicylates),
Secondary to respiratory alkalosis, Adrenal insufficiency
⩥ metabolic alkalosis causes. Answer: Primary Cause: Retention of base
or removal of acid from body fluids; Contributing Causes: Excessive
gastric drainage, Vomiting, Potassium depletion (diuretic therapy),
Burns, Excessive Sodium Bicarb admin
⩥ respiratory acidosis causes. Answer: Primary Cause: Hypoventilation
(causes hypercapnia); Contributing Causes: COPD, Pulmonary dz,
Drugs, Obesity, Mechanical asphyxia, Sleep Apnea
,⩥ respiratory alkalosis causes. Answer: • Primary stimulation of CNS:
hyperventilation. Can be due to emotional origin (anxiety, fear,
apprehension), CNS infection (encephalitis), or salicylate poisoning.
• Reflex stimulation of CNS. Hypoxia stimulates hyperventilation (heart
failure, pneumonia, pulmonary emboli).
Can also be stimulated by fever.
• Mechanical hyperventilation, resulting in "over breathing."
⩥ Neuro exams include:. Answer: -hand strength, limb strength
-ability to follow commands
-ability to move eyes in equal and uniform fashion
-deep pain stimulus response
-symmetrical and coordinated movement
-clear, speech.
⩥ Acute Bronchitis patho. Answer: infection or inflammation of the
bronchi. In more than 90% of individuals, this is a self-limiting disorder
caused by viruses.
will not have high fevers and will have only scattered coarse wheezes on
examination without evidence of pulmonary consolidation.
Chest X-ray examination is usually normal.
, ⩥ Chronic Bronchitis patho sequence. Answer: The chronic bronchitis
pathophysiologic sequence of events is as follows:
Hypersecretion of bronchial mucus, which leads to
Recurrent respiratory infections, which lead to
Airway inflammation, which leads to
Bronchospasm and irreversible airway obstruction
⩥ chronic bronchitis patho. Answer: characterized by chronic
inflammation with recruitment of neutrophils, macrophages, and
lymphocytes to the lung, with progressive damage to airways and the
lung parenchyma.
hyperplasia of the mucus-producing goblet cells of the bronchial
epithelium occurs, resulting in the production of large amounts of mucus
in the airways.
Mucus accumulation facilitates the colonization and growth of bacteria,
which further contributes to airway inflammation, bronchospasm, and
eventual scarring.
Narrowed airways cause v/q mismatching and expiratory airway
obstruction with air trapping, resulting in both hypoxemia and
hypercapnia.
FINAL PAPER 2026 COMPLETE 160 TESTED
QUESTIONS AND SOLVED ANSWERS
⩥ metabolic alkalosis. Answer: high pH, high HCO3
⩥ respiratory acidosis. Answer: low pH, high CO2
⩥ respiratory alkalosis. Answer: high pH, low CO2
⩥ metabolic acidosis causes. Answer: Primary Cause: Addition of large
amounts of fixed acids to body fluids; Contributing Causes: Lactic
acidosis (circulatory failure), Ketoacidosis (diabetes, starvation),
Phosphates and sulfates (Renal dz), Acid ingestion (salicylates),
Secondary to respiratory alkalosis, Adrenal insufficiency
⩥ metabolic alkalosis causes. Answer: Primary Cause: Retention of base
or removal of acid from body fluids; Contributing Causes: Excessive
gastric drainage, Vomiting, Potassium depletion (diuretic therapy),
Burns, Excessive Sodium Bicarb admin
⩥ respiratory acidosis causes. Answer: Primary Cause: Hypoventilation
(causes hypercapnia); Contributing Causes: COPD, Pulmonary dz,
Drugs, Obesity, Mechanical asphyxia, Sleep Apnea
,⩥ respiratory alkalosis causes. Answer: • Primary stimulation of CNS:
hyperventilation. Can be due to emotional origin (anxiety, fear,
apprehension), CNS infection (encephalitis), or salicylate poisoning.
• Reflex stimulation of CNS. Hypoxia stimulates hyperventilation (heart
failure, pneumonia, pulmonary emboli).
Can also be stimulated by fever.
• Mechanical hyperventilation, resulting in "over breathing."
⩥ Neuro exams include:. Answer: -hand strength, limb strength
-ability to follow commands
-ability to move eyes in equal and uniform fashion
-deep pain stimulus response
-symmetrical and coordinated movement
-clear, speech.
⩥ Acute Bronchitis patho. Answer: infection or inflammation of the
bronchi. In more than 90% of individuals, this is a self-limiting disorder
caused by viruses.
will not have high fevers and will have only scattered coarse wheezes on
examination without evidence of pulmonary consolidation.
Chest X-ray examination is usually normal.
, ⩥ Chronic Bronchitis patho sequence. Answer: The chronic bronchitis
pathophysiologic sequence of events is as follows:
Hypersecretion of bronchial mucus, which leads to
Recurrent respiratory infections, which lead to
Airway inflammation, which leads to
Bronchospasm and irreversible airway obstruction
⩥ chronic bronchitis patho. Answer: characterized by chronic
inflammation with recruitment of neutrophils, macrophages, and
lymphocytes to the lung, with progressive damage to airways and the
lung parenchyma.
hyperplasia of the mucus-producing goblet cells of the bronchial
epithelium occurs, resulting in the production of large amounts of mucus
in the airways.
Mucus accumulation facilitates the colonization and growth of bacteria,
which further contributes to airway inflammation, bronchospasm, and
eventual scarring.
Narrowed airways cause v/q mismatching and expiratory airway
obstruction with air trapping, resulting in both hypoxemia and
hypercapnia.
