KLETC STUDY GUIDE TEST 8 QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE
2025/2026
Fundamentals of Emergency Vehicle Operation 16.02
1 Identify the three elements of the driver's triangle. - Answers ● Driver
● Machine
● Environment
2 Identify the most critical element of the driver's triangle. - Answers ● The driver
● Over 80% of all accidents are caused by driver error
● Lack of knowledge, panic, inattention to driving skills.
3 Identify the two types of vision. - Answers Central Vision: What you see when you look straight
ahead at an object; it allows person to see things clear/sharp.
Peripheral Vision: Ability to detect objects on either side of the line of focused vision; a person
with normal vision can detect objects that are approximately 90 degrees to either side of their
focused vision.
4 Define the effects on a driver's peripheral vision as the speed of a vehicle increases. - Answers
● As speed increases, peripheral vision decreases.
● 40 mph = 120 degrees
● 60 mph = 60 degrees
● 80 mph = 30 degrees
5 Identify the motor skills used for driving which are affected by stress. - Answers ● Stress may
affect driver's fine motor control skills
● Fine motor control skills used to steer and brake.
● Stress of an emergency maneuver, hot call, pursuit can affect fine motor control skills too.
6 Define how an anti-lock braking system works. - Answers ● ABS is part of the vehicle's braking
system that automatically controls braking pressure to prevent the controlled wheel(s) from
locking up during braking.
● Most anti-lock systems also enable the vehicle to stop in a shorter distance, particularly on
,wet or slippery road surfaces.
● Wheel speed sensors detect wheel lock and send signals to brake pressure modulator telling
it to reduce brake pressure which allows the wheels to turn.
● ABS then re-applies braking pressure to maintain maximum
● Pressure regulating pumps the brakes in the same manner a driver would only much faster.
● Pulsating occurs as a result of the brake fluid pressure changes in the brake system when
ABS is activated.
● Current anti-lock systems can release and reapply the brakes as many as 15 times per second.
● Driver should now pump the brakes because that action may defeat the anti-lock system
which could lock the wheels and cause a skid.
Major Components:
Wheel Speed Sensors: Measure wheel speed, and then transmit this information to the
electronic control unit (ECU).
Electronic Control Unit (ECU): Contains the computer functions, sensor signal processing
circuits, and outputs signals to the various ABS valves and components, and the failure
detection logic.
Brake Pressure Modulator: Reduces, holds, and restores pressure to one or more brakes,
independent of the brake pedal effort applied by the driver.
7 Identify the recommended defensive driving techniques a driver should use when driving on
snow and/or ice. - Answers ● The edge of the road, lane markings, or traffic signs may not be
visible during a snowstorm.
● Stopping distance on ice/snow increases exponentially with increased speed.
● Brakes should be properly adjusted so they pull 6+evenly.
● Wet roads with ice and freezing rain are the most treacherous of all driving conditions.
● Bridges/shaded roadways freeze first.
● Do not make any sudden moves with the steering wheel, brakes, or accelerator.
,● Slow down in advance of intersections, curves, and downgrades, sooner than normally.
● Keep at least a four-second following distance.
● Chains on rear wheels, drive with them until the road surface is appreciably clear of ice and
snow.
● When driving through deep snow, shift into a lower gear before entering the snow and attempt
to keep the car moving through the snow.
8 Define the minimum depth of water that may cause a vehicle to hydroplane. - Answers ● As
little as 1/16th of an inch of water can cause hydroplaning.
● Can occur as soon as the water depth exceed the thread depth.
9 Identify the best driving surface. - Answers Concrete: provides the best adhesion to the road
by the vehicle; can glaze over quickly in freezing conditions; it's heavy and settles more than
other surfaces.
10 Identify the importance of safety belts and other occupant protection devices. - Answers
Developing a habit of wearing restraint systems will significantly increase body protection and
allow the officer to retain control of the vehicle.
Advantages for Safety Belt Use
● Better vehicle control; reducing chances of becoming involved in a collision.
● Less chance of injury/death
● Lower medical costs
● Less time lost from work
● It is the law.
Loss Statistics for Law Enforcement Officers
● Approximately 25% of officers' line of duty deaths are traffic related.
● 12% of state and 24% of municipal collisions results in injury to an officer.
● On average, LEOs can expect to be involved in a collision every 28,000 miles.
, Seatbelts and Airbags
● After a crash seatbelts should be replaced
● Safety belts hold you behind the wheel during violent maneuvers
● Airbags inflate 1/25 of a second and creates a protective cushion between the occupant and
the steering wheel, dashboard, and windshield
11 Identify factors that influence the stopping distance of a vehicle. - Answers ● The speed of
the vehicle
● The available stopping distance
12 Identify the three components that make up stopping distance. - Answers Perception: The
amount of time it takes for a driver to perceive a threat and process the information.
Reaction Time: The time it takes to react to the situation.
Braking Distance: Based on many variables (type of vehicle, condition of braking system,
roadway surface/conditions, driver's abilities).
13 Identify the distance in feet it takes and average driver, driving an average vehicle, in average
environmental conditions to stop a car traveling 60 miles per hour. - Answers At 60 mph, it will
take approximately 240 feet to stop.
Average perception time AND reaction time - ½ second or 29.4 feet traveled.
Total Stopping Distance
30 mph = 85 feet
60 mph = 240 feet
14 Define the threshold braking technique. - Answers ● Driver should apply the brake to the
point of the wheel lock up and hold the pressure on the brake pedal, maintaining rolling friction.
● If the wheels lock up creating sliding friction, release the pressure on the brake to regain the
rolling friction.
15 Identify the primary problems that may occur during braking. - Answers Front Wheel Lockup:
2025/2026
Fundamentals of Emergency Vehicle Operation 16.02
1 Identify the three elements of the driver's triangle. - Answers ● Driver
● Machine
● Environment
2 Identify the most critical element of the driver's triangle. - Answers ● The driver
● Over 80% of all accidents are caused by driver error
● Lack of knowledge, panic, inattention to driving skills.
3 Identify the two types of vision. - Answers Central Vision: What you see when you look straight
ahead at an object; it allows person to see things clear/sharp.
Peripheral Vision: Ability to detect objects on either side of the line of focused vision; a person
with normal vision can detect objects that are approximately 90 degrees to either side of their
focused vision.
4 Define the effects on a driver's peripheral vision as the speed of a vehicle increases. - Answers
● As speed increases, peripheral vision decreases.
● 40 mph = 120 degrees
● 60 mph = 60 degrees
● 80 mph = 30 degrees
5 Identify the motor skills used for driving which are affected by stress. - Answers ● Stress may
affect driver's fine motor control skills
● Fine motor control skills used to steer and brake.
● Stress of an emergency maneuver, hot call, pursuit can affect fine motor control skills too.
6 Define how an anti-lock braking system works. - Answers ● ABS is part of the vehicle's braking
system that automatically controls braking pressure to prevent the controlled wheel(s) from
locking up during braking.
● Most anti-lock systems also enable the vehicle to stop in a shorter distance, particularly on
,wet or slippery road surfaces.
● Wheel speed sensors detect wheel lock and send signals to brake pressure modulator telling
it to reduce brake pressure which allows the wheels to turn.
● ABS then re-applies braking pressure to maintain maximum
● Pressure regulating pumps the brakes in the same manner a driver would only much faster.
● Pulsating occurs as a result of the brake fluid pressure changes in the brake system when
ABS is activated.
● Current anti-lock systems can release and reapply the brakes as many as 15 times per second.
● Driver should now pump the brakes because that action may defeat the anti-lock system
which could lock the wheels and cause a skid.
Major Components:
Wheel Speed Sensors: Measure wheel speed, and then transmit this information to the
electronic control unit (ECU).
Electronic Control Unit (ECU): Contains the computer functions, sensor signal processing
circuits, and outputs signals to the various ABS valves and components, and the failure
detection logic.
Brake Pressure Modulator: Reduces, holds, and restores pressure to one or more brakes,
independent of the brake pedal effort applied by the driver.
7 Identify the recommended defensive driving techniques a driver should use when driving on
snow and/or ice. - Answers ● The edge of the road, lane markings, or traffic signs may not be
visible during a snowstorm.
● Stopping distance on ice/snow increases exponentially with increased speed.
● Brakes should be properly adjusted so they pull 6+evenly.
● Wet roads with ice and freezing rain are the most treacherous of all driving conditions.
● Bridges/shaded roadways freeze first.
● Do not make any sudden moves with the steering wheel, brakes, or accelerator.
,● Slow down in advance of intersections, curves, and downgrades, sooner than normally.
● Keep at least a four-second following distance.
● Chains on rear wheels, drive with them until the road surface is appreciably clear of ice and
snow.
● When driving through deep snow, shift into a lower gear before entering the snow and attempt
to keep the car moving through the snow.
8 Define the minimum depth of water that may cause a vehicle to hydroplane. - Answers ● As
little as 1/16th of an inch of water can cause hydroplaning.
● Can occur as soon as the water depth exceed the thread depth.
9 Identify the best driving surface. - Answers Concrete: provides the best adhesion to the road
by the vehicle; can glaze over quickly in freezing conditions; it's heavy and settles more than
other surfaces.
10 Identify the importance of safety belts and other occupant protection devices. - Answers
Developing a habit of wearing restraint systems will significantly increase body protection and
allow the officer to retain control of the vehicle.
Advantages for Safety Belt Use
● Better vehicle control; reducing chances of becoming involved in a collision.
● Less chance of injury/death
● Lower medical costs
● Less time lost from work
● It is the law.
Loss Statistics for Law Enforcement Officers
● Approximately 25% of officers' line of duty deaths are traffic related.
● 12% of state and 24% of municipal collisions results in injury to an officer.
● On average, LEOs can expect to be involved in a collision every 28,000 miles.
, Seatbelts and Airbags
● After a crash seatbelts should be replaced
● Safety belts hold you behind the wheel during violent maneuvers
● Airbags inflate 1/25 of a second and creates a protective cushion between the occupant and
the steering wheel, dashboard, and windshield
11 Identify factors that influence the stopping distance of a vehicle. - Answers ● The speed of
the vehicle
● The available stopping distance
12 Identify the three components that make up stopping distance. - Answers Perception: The
amount of time it takes for a driver to perceive a threat and process the information.
Reaction Time: The time it takes to react to the situation.
Braking Distance: Based on many variables (type of vehicle, condition of braking system,
roadway surface/conditions, driver's abilities).
13 Identify the distance in feet it takes and average driver, driving an average vehicle, in average
environmental conditions to stop a car traveling 60 miles per hour. - Answers At 60 mph, it will
take approximately 240 feet to stop.
Average perception time AND reaction time - ½ second or 29.4 feet traveled.
Total Stopping Distance
30 mph = 85 feet
60 mph = 240 feet
14 Define the threshold braking technique. - Answers ● Driver should apply the brake to the
point of the wheel lock up and hold the pressure on the brake pedal, maintaining rolling friction.
● If the wheels lock up creating sliding friction, release the pressure on the brake to regain the
rolling friction.
15 Identify the primary problems that may occur during braking. - Answers Front Wheel Lockup:
