Combined Science GCSE – SCI-GCSE-02 –
Complete Revision Summary (Biology, Chemistry
& Physics)
characteristics of living organisms - Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Control, Growth,
Reproduction, Excretion, Nutrition
Excretory products of skin - water and mineral ions
excretory products of lungs - carbon dioxide and water
excretory products of liver - urea from amino acids
excretory products of kidneys - urea, water, mineral ions
what are metabolic reactions - chemical reactions that take place inside living cells
Excretion vs Egestion - excretion is the removal of metabolic waste while egestion is passing out of
undigested food as facets through anus
what are eukaryotic organisms - can be multicellular or unicellular and cells that contain nucleus with
distinct membrane
what are prokaryotic organisms - unicellular organisms that do not contain nucleus instead nuclear
material found in cytoplasm for example bacteria
Nucleus - contains genetic material
cytoplasm - jelly like fluid where organelles are found
site of many chemical reactions
cell membrane - holds cell together and controls which substances enter and leave cell
ribosome - site for protein synthesis
mitochondria - Site of aerobic respiration
Main features of animals - multicellular, eukaryotic, no cell wall, no chloroplast, store carbohydrates
as glycogen
,main features of plants - multicellular, eukaryotic, cellulose cell wall, have chloroplast,
photosynthesis, store carbohydrates as starch or sucrose
cell wall - gives cell extra extra support and shape
chloroplast - contains chlorophyll which absorbs light energy for photosynthesis
vacuole - contains cell sap for storage and supports shape of the cell
Main features of fungi - Mainly multicellular but can be single
made of thread like structures called hyphae organized in a network of mycelium
Cell walls made of chitin
Saprophytic nutrition (feed extra cellularly)
Can store carbohydrates as glycogen
examples-yeast athletes foot
Saprotrophic nutrition - secrete extracellular digestive enzymes onto food then absorbing digested
molecules
main features of protoctists - unicellular, eukaryotic
some have features like animal cells (plasmodium which causes malaria)
some have features like plant cells like cell wall and chloroplast such as chlorella
some photosynthesis
main features of bacteria - prokaryotic, unicellular
they have cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, plasmid
lack nucleus but have circular loops of DNA
lack membrane bound organelles (mitochondria)
examples: lactobacillus, pneumococcus
what are pathogens - microorganisms that cause disease
microorganisms that are pathogens - bacteria fungi protoctist viruses
Pathogenic bacteria - M.tuberculosis causes tuberculosis
, infects lungs causing chronic cough and bloody mucus
pathogenic fungi - cattle ringworm and athletes foot
pathogenic protoctist - plasmodium causes malaria
Characteristics of viruses - small particles smaller then bacteria
parasitic and can only reproduce in living cells
only have proteins cost and nucleic acid
examples: HIV causes AIDS influenza causes flu tobacco mosaic
level of organisation - organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
what is cell differentiation - The process in which cells become specialized.
embryonic stem cells - found on the inside layer of an embryo can differentiate into any specialized
cell
adult stem cells - stem cells that are found in adults that can differentiate and form a limited number
of cells
benefits of stem cells - can treat wide variety of diseases (diabetes paralysis)
if developed from own stem cells no rejection
issues of stem cells - there is a risk of mutations leading to cancer
low number of doners
ethical issues
long term effects are unknown
why do plants use starch as storage - because it's insoluble and takes up less space
food test for glucose - add benedict solution to sample and heat in water bath for 5 minutes positive
turns orange to brick red
food test for startch - add iodine soloution positive turns orange to blue black
food test for protein - add biuret solution turns blue to purple
Complete Revision Summary (Biology, Chemistry
& Physics)
characteristics of living organisms - Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Control, Growth,
Reproduction, Excretion, Nutrition
Excretory products of skin - water and mineral ions
excretory products of lungs - carbon dioxide and water
excretory products of liver - urea from amino acids
excretory products of kidneys - urea, water, mineral ions
what are metabolic reactions - chemical reactions that take place inside living cells
Excretion vs Egestion - excretion is the removal of metabolic waste while egestion is passing out of
undigested food as facets through anus
what are eukaryotic organisms - can be multicellular or unicellular and cells that contain nucleus with
distinct membrane
what are prokaryotic organisms - unicellular organisms that do not contain nucleus instead nuclear
material found in cytoplasm for example bacteria
Nucleus - contains genetic material
cytoplasm - jelly like fluid where organelles are found
site of many chemical reactions
cell membrane - holds cell together and controls which substances enter and leave cell
ribosome - site for protein synthesis
mitochondria - Site of aerobic respiration
Main features of animals - multicellular, eukaryotic, no cell wall, no chloroplast, store carbohydrates
as glycogen
,main features of plants - multicellular, eukaryotic, cellulose cell wall, have chloroplast,
photosynthesis, store carbohydrates as starch or sucrose
cell wall - gives cell extra extra support and shape
chloroplast - contains chlorophyll which absorbs light energy for photosynthesis
vacuole - contains cell sap for storage and supports shape of the cell
Main features of fungi - Mainly multicellular but can be single
made of thread like structures called hyphae organized in a network of mycelium
Cell walls made of chitin
Saprophytic nutrition (feed extra cellularly)
Can store carbohydrates as glycogen
examples-yeast athletes foot
Saprotrophic nutrition - secrete extracellular digestive enzymes onto food then absorbing digested
molecules
main features of protoctists - unicellular, eukaryotic
some have features like animal cells (plasmodium which causes malaria)
some have features like plant cells like cell wall and chloroplast such as chlorella
some photosynthesis
main features of bacteria - prokaryotic, unicellular
they have cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, plasmid
lack nucleus but have circular loops of DNA
lack membrane bound organelles (mitochondria)
examples: lactobacillus, pneumococcus
what are pathogens - microorganisms that cause disease
microorganisms that are pathogens - bacteria fungi protoctist viruses
Pathogenic bacteria - M.tuberculosis causes tuberculosis
, infects lungs causing chronic cough and bloody mucus
pathogenic fungi - cattle ringworm and athletes foot
pathogenic protoctist - plasmodium causes malaria
Characteristics of viruses - small particles smaller then bacteria
parasitic and can only reproduce in living cells
only have proteins cost and nucleic acid
examples: HIV causes AIDS influenza causes flu tobacco mosaic
level of organisation - organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
what is cell differentiation - The process in which cells become specialized.
embryonic stem cells - found on the inside layer of an embryo can differentiate into any specialized
cell
adult stem cells - stem cells that are found in adults that can differentiate and form a limited number
of cells
benefits of stem cells - can treat wide variety of diseases (diabetes paralysis)
if developed from own stem cells no rejection
issues of stem cells - there is a risk of mutations leading to cancer
low number of doners
ethical issues
long term effects are unknown
why do plants use starch as storage - because it's insoluble and takes up less space
food test for glucose - add benedict solution to sample and heat in water bath for 5 minutes positive
turns orange to brick red
food test for startch - add iodine soloution positive turns orange to blue black
food test for protein - add biuret solution turns blue to purple
