NGR 5149 Advanced Pathophysiology
Final – Rasmussen — Master Review &
Preparation Guide 2025/2026 <Latest
Version>
Cellular Biology, Genetics, and Fluid/Electrolytes
1. What is the primary cellular site for ATP production?
a) Ribosome
b) Golgi Apparatus
c) Lysosome
d) Mitochondria ✓
2. The movement of water from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher
solute concentration is known as:
a) Diffusion
b) Active Transport
c) Osmosis ✓
d) Filtration
3. Hyponatremia is primarily characterized by:
a) Muscle weakness and hyperreflexia
b) Intracellular dehydration
c) Cellular edema and neurological dysfunction ✓
d) Severe thirst and dry mucous membranes
4. Which of the following is a characteristic of a malignant neoplasm?
a) Well-differentiated cells
b) Slow, expansive growth
c) Invasion and metastasis ✓
d) Cohesive growth pattern
5. A patient with a pH of 7.25, PaCO2 of 50 mmHg, and HCO3- of 24 mEq/L is in:
a) Respiratory Acidosis ✓
b) Respiratory Alkalosis
,c) Metabolic Acidosis
d) Metabolic Alkalosis
6. The process of programmed cell death is termed:
a) Necrosis
b) Apoptosis ✓
c) Atrophy
d) Ischemia
7. In autosomal dominant disorders, what is the probability an affected heterozygote will pass
the gene to their offspring?
a) 0%
b) 25%
c) 50% ✓
d) 100%
8. Hyperkalemia can cause which of the following ECG changes?
a) Shortened QT interval
b) Tall, peaked T-waves ✓
c) Prolonged PR interval
d) Appearance of U-waves
9. Which gene is a well-known tumor suppressor gene often mutated in many cancers?
a) HER2/neu
b) RAS
c) p53 ✓
d) BRCA1
10. The shift of fluid from the intravascular space to the interstitial space is a hallmark of:
a) Dehydration
b) Edema ✓
c) Acidosis
d) Alkalosis
Neurology
11. The primary neurotransmitter deficit in Alzheimer's disease is:
a) Dopamine
b) Serotonin
,c) GABA
d) Acetylcholine ✓
12. In Parkinson's disease, degeneration occurs primarily in the:
a) Substantia Nigra ✓
b) Hippocampus
c) Basal Ganglia
d) Cerebellum
13. What is the pathophysiology of Ischemic Stroke?
a) Rupture of a cerebral artery
b) Blockage of a cerebral artery leading to infarction ✓
c) Inflammation of the meninges
d) Autoimmune demyelination
14. Multiple Sclerosis is best described as:
a) A neurodegenerative disorder
b) An autoimmune demyelinating disorder of the CNS ✓
c) A disorder of the neuromuscular junction
d) A focal brain trauma
15. A patient presents with "worst headache of life," photophobia, and nuchal rigidity. The
most likely diagnosis is:
a) Migraine
b) Meningitis
c) Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ✓
d) Tension Headache
16. The initial pathophysiologic event following a traumatic brain injury that causes
immediate impairment is:
a) Cerebral Edema
b) Ischemia
c) Ionic Shifts and Neurotransmitter Release ✓
d) Hematoma Formation
17. Which type of seizure involves a brief loss of awareness and staring spells?
a) Tonic-Clonic
b) Absence ✓
c) Simple Partial
d) Myoclonic
, 18. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by the degeneration of:
a) Upper and Lower Motor Neurons ✓
b) Dopaminergic Neurons
c) Cerebral Cortical Neurons
d) Peripheral Sensory Nerves
19. Uncal herniation is most associated with which clinical sign?
a) Cheyne-Stokes respirations
b) Dilated and fixed pupil on the ipsilateral side ✓
c) Paralysis of all extremities
d) Cushing's Triad (Hypertension, Bradycardia, Irregular Respirations)
20. Guillain-Barré Syndrome is an autoimmune attack on:
a) Central Myelin
b) The Neuromuscular Junction
c) Peripheral Myelin and Axons ✓
d) Spinal Cord Gray Matter
Cardiology
21. The underlying mechanism of most cases of Hypertension is:
a) Renal artery stenosis
b) Pheochromocytoma
c) Essential (Idiopathic) ✓
d) Aortic coarctation
22. Stable Angina is caused by:
a) Coronary artery spasm
b) Fixed coronary atherosclerotic plaque ✓
c) A ruptured atherosclerotic plaque with thrombus
d) Microvascular dysfunction
23. Which finding is most characteristic of Left-Sided Heart Failure?
a) Jugular Venous Distension
b) Hepatojugular Reflux
c) Pulmonary Edema ✓
d) Peripheral Pitting Edema
Final – Rasmussen — Master Review &
Preparation Guide 2025/2026 <Latest
Version>
Cellular Biology, Genetics, and Fluid/Electrolytes
1. What is the primary cellular site for ATP production?
a) Ribosome
b) Golgi Apparatus
c) Lysosome
d) Mitochondria ✓
2. The movement of water from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher
solute concentration is known as:
a) Diffusion
b) Active Transport
c) Osmosis ✓
d) Filtration
3. Hyponatremia is primarily characterized by:
a) Muscle weakness and hyperreflexia
b) Intracellular dehydration
c) Cellular edema and neurological dysfunction ✓
d) Severe thirst and dry mucous membranes
4. Which of the following is a characteristic of a malignant neoplasm?
a) Well-differentiated cells
b) Slow, expansive growth
c) Invasion and metastasis ✓
d) Cohesive growth pattern
5. A patient with a pH of 7.25, PaCO2 of 50 mmHg, and HCO3- of 24 mEq/L is in:
a) Respiratory Acidosis ✓
b) Respiratory Alkalosis
,c) Metabolic Acidosis
d) Metabolic Alkalosis
6. The process of programmed cell death is termed:
a) Necrosis
b) Apoptosis ✓
c) Atrophy
d) Ischemia
7. In autosomal dominant disorders, what is the probability an affected heterozygote will pass
the gene to their offspring?
a) 0%
b) 25%
c) 50% ✓
d) 100%
8. Hyperkalemia can cause which of the following ECG changes?
a) Shortened QT interval
b) Tall, peaked T-waves ✓
c) Prolonged PR interval
d) Appearance of U-waves
9. Which gene is a well-known tumor suppressor gene often mutated in many cancers?
a) HER2/neu
b) RAS
c) p53 ✓
d) BRCA1
10. The shift of fluid from the intravascular space to the interstitial space is a hallmark of:
a) Dehydration
b) Edema ✓
c) Acidosis
d) Alkalosis
Neurology
11. The primary neurotransmitter deficit in Alzheimer's disease is:
a) Dopamine
b) Serotonin
,c) GABA
d) Acetylcholine ✓
12. In Parkinson's disease, degeneration occurs primarily in the:
a) Substantia Nigra ✓
b) Hippocampus
c) Basal Ganglia
d) Cerebellum
13. What is the pathophysiology of Ischemic Stroke?
a) Rupture of a cerebral artery
b) Blockage of a cerebral artery leading to infarction ✓
c) Inflammation of the meninges
d) Autoimmune demyelination
14. Multiple Sclerosis is best described as:
a) A neurodegenerative disorder
b) An autoimmune demyelinating disorder of the CNS ✓
c) A disorder of the neuromuscular junction
d) A focal brain trauma
15. A patient presents with "worst headache of life," photophobia, and nuchal rigidity. The
most likely diagnosis is:
a) Migraine
b) Meningitis
c) Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ✓
d) Tension Headache
16. The initial pathophysiologic event following a traumatic brain injury that causes
immediate impairment is:
a) Cerebral Edema
b) Ischemia
c) Ionic Shifts and Neurotransmitter Release ✓
d) Hematoma Formation
17. Which type of seizure involves a brief loss of awareness and staring spells?
a) Tonic-Clonic
b) Absence ✓
c) Simple Partial
d) Myoclonic
, 18. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by the degeneration of:
a) Upper and Lower Motor Neurons ✓
b) Dopaminergic Neurons
c) Cerebral Cortical Neurons
d) Peripheral Sensory Nerves
19. Uncal herniation is most associated with which clinical sign?
a) Cheyne-Stokes respirations
b) Dilated and fixed pupil on the ipsilateral side ✓
c) Paralysis of all extremities
d) Cushing's Triad (Hypertension, Bradycardia, Irregular Respirations)
20. Guillain-Barré Syndrome is an autoimmune attack on:
a) Central Myelin
b) The Neuromuscular Junction
c) Peripheral Myelin and Axons ✓
d) Spinal Cord Gray Matter
Cardiology
21. The underlying mechanism of most cases of Hypertension is:
a) Renal artery stenosis
b) Pheochromocytoma
c) Essential (Idiopathic) ✓
d) Aortic coarctation
22. Stable Angina is caused by:
a) Coronary artery spasm
b) Fixed coronary atherosclerotic plaque ✓
c) A ruptured atherosclerotic plaque with thrombus
d) Microvascular dysfunction
23. Which finding is most characteristic of Left-Sided Heart Failure?
a) Jugular Venous Distension
b) Hepatojugular Reflux
c) Pulmonary Edema ✓
d) Peripheral Pitting Edema
