PSYC 365 Frequently tested Exam Questions with
Answers verified 100% Correct
Provide an original example of an explanatory fiction, and explain why it is one.
Diana is bad at physics because she has a physics disability. The so-called "physics disability" is
the explanatory fiction. It, as an explanation, leads to circular reasoning.
Why does Diana do bad at physics? - Because she has a physics disability.
How do you know she has a physics disability? - Because she does bad at physics.
Provide an original example of extinction.
When you are with your five year old child in the Dollar store and he throws a tantrum and
grabs a candy bar. He screams until you buy him a candy bar. You do this the next five times you
go to the Dollar store and he throws a tantrum you buy him a candy bar. The sixth time you
refuse to buy a candy bar. Throughout the next few times the tantrums are thrown at less
frequency.
A reinforcing consequence (candy bar) is discontinued as a consequence for a behavior
(tantrum), resulting in the behavior decreasing in likelihood.
Provide an original example that illustrates the use of the delayed prompting procedure.
You are teaching an austic child to ask for an apple. He points at the apple and you say "Apple"
and he states "apple" The next time he points at the apple you wait two seconds before telling
,him "apple" if you says it before the 2 seconds than you praise with positive reinforcement
statements. You continue to increase the amount of time before you prompt the word 'apple'
Provide an original example of higher-order verbal conditioning in which you identify the CS,
the US, the UR, and the CR.
I may have been conditioned to experience happiness(i.e., CR) whenever I hear the word
'yippee'(CS). If every time I talk to my mother (NS) and she says to me 'yippee' then everytime I
see my mom (now a CS) will make me feel joy.
First-Order
1. US (ice cream) elicits UR (good feelings)
2. NS1 (hearing others yell "yippie!") reliably precedes US (ice cream)
3. Because of 2, NS1 (hearing "yippie!") becomes CS1 that elicits CR1 (good feelings).
Then, in a different context...
Second-Order
4. NS2 (seeing mom) reliably precedes CS1 (hearing "yippie!")
,The reason it must be a different context is to ensure that there is no pairing of NS2 (mom) and
the US (ice cream). If there was, then this could be simple, rather than higher-order
conditioning.
5. Because of 4, NS2 (mom) becomes CS2 that elicits CR2 (good feelings).
Provide an original example of symbolic modeling.
Showing a video recording of a child with proper table manners to a child that does not have
proper table manners. Symbolizing what the caregiver would like the child to do.
Give an original example of a tact.
If a child is shown a picture of their mother and they say mother. They are able to label that
picture as a mother and if they see another woman in a nurturing position they are able to label
the picture of a mother
tact is a verbal response ("mother") under the stimulus control of a non-verbal stimulus (picture
of mother) due to social reinforcement (e.g., praise) for the response in the presence of that
stimulus.
Describe an original example of the use of a multiple-baseline-across-behaviours design.
The example should be one in which two or more behaviours are observed and recorded prior
to treatment. Then, a behaviour-change treatment procedure is applied to one of the
behaviours, but not the others. Then, after some time is allowed for the treatment to have an
, effect, the treatment is applied to the second behaviour. If the multiple behaviours change
when the treatment is applied, but not before, then it is possible to conclude that the treatment
caused the behaviour changes.
Provide an original example of stimulus generalization.
a behavior changes in the the presence of a stimulus, not because the behavior was trained (via
operant or respondent conditioning) in the presence of that stimulus, but rather because the
behavior was trained in the presence of a physically similar stimulus.
Provide an original example of a FI/LH schedule of reinforcement.
Depending on what the target behavior is and what the reinforcer is, this could be an example
of many things. Don't see how it could be an example of a FI/LH schedule, though.
Suppose your favorite (30 min) TV program plays at the same time each day.
It is a FI (fixed interval) schedule because the first instance of the behavior (watch TV) after a
constant interval (~24 hours) produces the reinforcer (sights and sounds of TV program).
Instances during the interval do not produce the reinforcer.
There is also a LH (limited) because that first instance of the behavior only produces the
reinforcer within a restricted period of time (30 minutes); if no behavior during that period,
then that first instance does not produce the reinforcer.
Provide an original example of the Premack Principle.
Answers verified 100% Correct
Provide an original example of an explanatory fiction, and explain why it is one.
Diana is bad at physics because she has a physics disability. The so-called "physics disability" is
the explanatory fiction. It, as an explanation, leads to circular reasoning.
Why does Diana do bad at physics? - Because she has a physics disability.
How do you know she has a physics disability? - Because she does bad at physics.
Provide an original example of extinction.
When you are with your five year old child in the Dollar store and he throws a tantrum and
grabs a candy bar. He screams until you buy him a candy bar. You do this the next five times you
go to the Dollar store and he throws a tantrum you buy him a candy bar. The sixth time you
refuse to buy a candy bar. Throughout the next few times the tantrums are thrown at less
frequency.
A reinforcing consequence (candy bar) is discontinued as a consequence for a behavior
(tantrum), resulting in the behavior decreasing in likelihood.
Provide an original example that illustrates the use of the delayed prompting procedure.
You are teaching an austic child to ask for an apple. He points at the apple and you say "Apple"
and he states "apple" The next time he points at the apple you wait two seconds before telling
,him "apple" if you says it before the 2 seconds than you praise with positive reinforcement
statements. You continue to increase the amount of time before you prompt the word 'apple'
Provide an original example of higher-order verbal conditioning in which you identify the CS,
the US, the UR, and the CR.
I may have been conditioned to experience happiness(i.e., CR) whenever I hear the word
'yippee'(CS). If every time I talk to my mother (NS) and she says to me 'yippee' then everytime I
see my mom (now a CS) will make me feel joy.
First-Order
1. US (ice cream) elicits UR (good feelings)
2. NS1 (hearing others yell "yippie!") reliably precedes US (ice cream)
3. Because of 2, NS1 (hearing "yippie!") becomes CS1 that elicits CR1 (good feelings).
Then, in a different context...
Second-Order
4. NS2 (seeing mom) reliably precedes CS1 (hearing "yippie!")
,The reason it must be a different context is to ensure that there is no pairing of NS2 (mom) and
the US (ice cream). If there was, then this could be simple, rather than higher-order
conditioning.
5. Because of 4, NS2 (mom) becomes CS2 that elicits CR2 (good feelings).
Provide an original example of symbolic modeling.
Showing a video recording of a child with proper table manners to a child that does not have
proper table manners. Symbolizing what the caregiver would like the child to do.
Give an original example of a tact.
If a child is shown a picture of their mother and they say mother. They are able to label that
picture as a mother and if they see another woman in a nurturing position they are able to label
the picture of a mother
tact is a verbal response ("mother") under the stimulus control of a non-verbal stimulus (picture
of mother) due to social reinforcement (e.g., praise) for the response in the presence of that
stimulus.
Describe an original example of the use of a multiple-baseline-across-behaviours design.
The example should be one in which two or more behaviours are observed and recorded prior
to treatment. Then, a behaviour-change treatment procedure is applied to one of the
behaviours, but not the others. Then, after some time is allowed for the treatment to have an
, effect, the treatment is applied to the second behaviour. If the multiple behaviours change
when the treatment is applied, but not before, then it is possible to conclude that the treatment
caused the behaviour changes.
Provide an original example of stimulus generalization.
a behavior changes in the the presence of a stimulus, not because the behavior was trained (via
operant or respondent conditioning) in the presence of that stimulus, but rather because the
behavior was trained in the presence of a physically similar stimulus.
Provide an original example of a FI/LH schedule of reinforcement.
Depending on what the target behavior is and what the reinforcer is, this could be an example
of many things. Don't see how it could be an example of a FI/LH schedule, though.
Suppose your favorite (30 min) TV program plays at the same time each day.
It is a FI (fixed interval) schedule because the first instance of the behavior (watch TV) after a
constant interval (~24 hours) produces the reinforcer (sights and sounds of TV program).
Instances during the interval do not produce the reinforcer.
There is also a LH (limited) because that first instance of the behavior only produces the
reinforcer within a restricted period of time (30 minutes); if no behavior during that period,
then that first instance does not produce the reinforcer.
Provide an original example of the Premack Principle.
