NR 507 Cardiovascular ACTUAL QUESTIONS
AND VERIFIED ANSWERS
CardiovascularBdisordersB-BCORRECTBANSWER-
CardiovascularBdisordersBareBprevalentBinBprimaryBcare.BManyBofBtheBdisordersBdevelopBoverBseve
ralByears,BdueBtoBtheBriskBfactorsBtoBwhichBindividualsBhaveBbeenBexposed.BForBeachBdisorderBcove
redBinBthisBunit,BaBdiscussionBofBriskBfactorsBwillBbeBincluded.BForBtheBconceptsBcoveredBbelow,Bclini
calBapplicationBofBeachBdiseaseBwillBbeBprovidedBsoBthatBstudentsBcanBunderstandBtheBimportanceB
ofBpathophysiologyBinBdiagnosingBandBtreatingBtheBdisease.
PrerequisiteBknowledge:
ForBthisBcontent,ByouBshouldBhaveBaBbasicBknowledgeBofBcardiacBanatomy;BknowBtheBdifferencesBb
etweenBtheBrightBandBleftBsidesBofBtheBheart,BinBtermsBofBstructureBandBfunction.BYouBshouldBalsoB
possessBsolidBknowledgeBofBtheBunidirectionalBbloodBflowBthroughBtheBheart.BForBexample,Bdeoxy
genatedBbloodBarrivesBtoBtheBrightBsideBofBtheBheart,BtravelsBtoBtheBpulmonaryBarteriesBtoBreleaseB
CO2BandBpickBupBoxygen.BAtBthisBpoint,BtheBoxygenatedBbloodBisBcarriedBfromBtheBlungsBthroughBt
heBpulmonaryBveinsBtoBtheBleftBsideBofBtheBheartBwhereBitBeventuallyBreachesBtheBaortaBtoBcarryBo
xygenatedBbloodBoutBtoBtheBbodyBorgans.BTheBcellularBphysiologyBrelatedBtoBcardiacBcontractionBis
BanotherBimportantBbasicBconceptBtoBknow,BasBelectrolytesB(sodium,BpotassiumBandBcalcium)BplayB
aBmajorBroleBinBmuscleBcontraction.BFinally,BtheBconceptsBofBpreload,Bafterload,BandBcontractilityBa
reBessentialBtoBunderstand,BasBallBofBtheseBcanBbeBaffectedBinBsomeBwayBwhenBaBpersonBhasBcardio
vascularBdisease.
WhatBisBCoronaryBArteryBDiseaseB(CAD)?B-BCORRECTBANSWER-
CADBisBconsideredBtheBleadingBcauseBofBdeathBinBtheBUnitedBStatesB(U.S.).BItBisBtheBresultBofBlongst
andingBatherosclerosis.B
AtherosclerosisBbeginsBwithBdamageBtoBtheBendothelium.BItBisBtheBendothelium,BunderBnormalBfu
nctioningBthatBmaintainsBbalanceBbetweenBtheBvasoconstrictiveBandBvasodilationBactions,Bpreven
tsBplateletsBfromBaggregatingBandBcontrolBofBtheBproductionBofBfibrin.BWhenBtheBendotheliumBbec
omesBdamaged,BourBfamiliarBinflammatoryBprocessesBoccur.BMacrophagesBattachBtoBtheBendothel
ium,BsettingBupBphagocytosis;BplaqueBformationBandBvasoconstrictionBalsoBoccursBmarkingBtheBbe
ginningBofBatherosclerosis.BTheBplaqueBlesionsBlocatedBinBtheBvesselsBbecomeBenlargedBwhichBallo
, wsBtheBplaqueBtoBprogressBwithinBtheBenlargedBvesselBlumen.BTheBplaqueBlesionBdisruptsBnormalB
bloodBflowBandBcausesBthrombusBformationBwhichBcanBbeBtriggeredBbyBcardiacBriskBfactorsBsuchBa
sBelevatedBLDL,Bcholesterol,BsmokingBandBdiabetes.B
So,BwhyBisBthisBaBproblem?B
Well,BtheBplaqueBtakesBdecadesBtoBdevelopBinBtheBcoronaryBarteries.BWithBmildBdisease,BbloodBflo
wBcanBgetBthroughBtheBarteriesBandBtheBpatientBisBasymptomatic.BOvertime,BthisBbuildBupBcanBlead
BtoBnarrowingBwhichBresultsBinBdecreasedBoxygenBsupply.BWhenBatherosclerosisBreachesBaBclinicall
yBsignificantBlevel,BtheBpatientBwillBbeginBtoBexperienceBangina.BFurtherBprogressionBofBtheBdiseas
eBwillBresultBinBacuteBcoronaryBsyndromeB(ACS),BformerlyBknownBasBmyocardialBinfarctionB(MI).
TheBmajorBriskBfactorBforBtheBdevelopmentBofBCADB-BCORRECTBANSWER-
TheBmajorBriskBfactorBforBtheBdevelopmentBofBCADBisBfamilyBhistory.BThereBisBaB50%BhigherBriskBforB
individualsBtoBdevelopBheartBdiseaseBifBtheyBhaveBaBfirstBdegreeBrelativeB(especiallyBfather)BorBsibli
ngBwhoBhasBsufferedBfromBACSBorBprematureBcardiacBdeathB(<BageB55Byears).BLifestyleBalsoBimpact
sBrisk,BespeciallyBtobaccoBuseBandBevenBsecondhandBsmokeBexposure.BItBisBalwaysBimportantBforBt
heBNPBtoBstressBsmokingBcessationBwithBallBpatientsBwhoBsmokeBtobacco,BinBorderBtoBdecreaseBthe
Bpatient'sBriskBforBCAD.BSedentaryBlifestyleBwillBalsoBincreaseBone'sBriskBforBdevelopingBCAD.BPhysic
alBinactivityBcanBleadBtoBoverweightB(BMIB25-
29.9)BorBobesityB(BMIB30BandBabove).BMaleBgender,Bhypertension,BElevatedBtotalBcholesterol,Belev
atedBlow-densityBlipoproteinB(LDL),Band/orBdecreasedBhigh-
densityBlipoproteinB(HDL)BareBalsoBriskBfactors,BasBwellBasBdiabetesBmellitus.
MyocardialBischemiaB-BCORRECTBANSWER-
MyocardialBischemiaBisBtheBcauseBofBhisBchestBpain.BIschemiaBoccursBwhenBtheBheart'sBoxygenBde
mandBexceedsBsupply.BForBthisBpatient,BheBexperiencedBhisBchestBpainBduringBexercise.BIschemiaBo
ccurredBbecauseBofBtheBnarrowingBofBatBleastBoneBcoronaryBarteryBbyBatheroscleroticBplaques.BTh
eBresultBisBtheBnarrowingBofBtheBdiameterBofBtheBcoronaryBartery.BThisBreducesBoxygenatedBbloodB
flowBthroughBtheBarteryBthatBleadsBtoBanBinsufficientBoxygenBsupplyBtoBtheBheart.BAdenosineBisBals
oBreleasedBthatBstimulatesBsympatheticBnerveBfibersBthatBcausesBatrialBandBventricularBcontractio
n.BInBaddition,BsympatheticBstimulationBoccursBatBtheBupperBthoracicBdorsalBrootsBofBtheBspinalBco
rdBthatBleadsBtoBtheBarmBpain.
C.G.BhasBseveralBriskBfactorsBcontributingBtoBtheBdevelopmentBofBCAD:B-BCORRECTBANSWER-
1)Bmale
2)BfamilyBhistoryBofBCAD
3)Bhypertension
AND VERIFIED ANSWERS
CardiovascularBdisordersB-BCORRECTBANSWER-
CardiovascularBdisordersBareBprevalentBinBprimaryBcare.BManyBofBtheBdisordersBdevelopBoverBseve
ralByears,BdueBtoBtheBriskBfactorsBtoBwhichBindividualsBhaveBbeenBexposed.BForBeachBdisorderBcove
redBinBthisBunit,BaBdiscussionBofBriskBfactorsBwillBbeBincluded.BForBtheBconceptsBcoveredBbelow,Bclini
calBapplicationBofBeachBdiseaseBwillBbeBprovidedBsoBthatBstudentsBcanBunderstandBtheBimportanceB
ofBpathophysiologyBinBdiagnosingBandBtreatingBtheBdisease.
PrerequisiteBknowledge:
ForBthisBcontent,ByouBshouldBhaveBaBbasicBknowledgeBofBcardiacBanatomy;BknowBtheBdifferencesBb
etweenBtheBrightBandBleftBsidesBofBtheBheart,BinBtermsBofBstructureBandBfunction.BYouBshouldBalsoB
possessBsolidBknowledgeBofBtheBunidirectionalBbloodBflowBthroughBtheBheart.BForBexample,Bdeoxy
genatedBbloodBarrivesBtoBtheBrightBsideBofBtheBheart,BtravelsBtoBtheBpulmonaryBarteriesBtoBreleaseB
CO2BandBpickBupBoxygen.BAtBthisBpoint,BtheBoxygenatedBbloodBisBcarriedBfromBtheBlungsBthroughBt
heBpulmonaryBveinsBtoBtheBleftBsideBofBtheBheartBwhereBitBeventuallyBreachesBtheBaortaBtoBcarryBo
xygenatedBbloodBoutBtoBtheBbodyBorgans.BTheBcellularBphysiologyBrelatedBtoBcardiacBcontractionBis
BanotherBimportantBbasicBconceptBtoBknow,BasBelectrolytesB(sodium,BpotassiumBandBcalcium)BplayB
aBmajorBroleBinBmuscleBcontraction.BFinally,BtheBconceptsBofBpreload,Bafterload,BandBcontractilityBa
reBessentialBtoBunderstand,BasBallBofBtheseBcanBbeBaffectedBinBsomeBwayBwhenBaBpersonBhasBcardio
vascularBdisease.
WhatBisBCoronaryBArteryBDiseaseB(CAD)?B-BCORRECTBANSWER-
CADBisBconsideredBtheBleadingBcauseBofBdeathBinBtheBUnitedBStatesB(U.S.).BItBisBtheBresultBofBlongst
andingBatherosclerosis.B
AtherosclerosisBbeginsBwithBdamageBtoBtheBendothelium.BItBisBtheBendothelium,BunderBnormalBfu
nctioningBthatBmaintainsBbalanceBbetweenBtheBvasoconstrictiveBandBvasodilationBactions,Bpreven
tsBplateletsBfromBaggregatingBandBcontrolBofBtheBproductionBofBfibrin.BWhenBtheBendotheliumBbec
omesBdamaged,BourBfamiliarBinflammatoryBprocessesBoccur.BMacrophagesBattachBtoBtheBendothel
ium,BsettingBupBphagocytosis;BplaqueBformationBandBvasoconstrictionBalsoBoccursBmarkingBtheBbe
ginningBofBatherosclerosis.BTheBplaqueBlesionsBlocatedBinBtheBvesselsBbecomeBenlargedBwhichBallo
, wsBtheBplaqueBtoBprogressBwithinBtheBenlargedBvesselBlumen.BTheBplaqueBlesionBdisruptsBnormalB
bloodBflowBandBcausesBthrombusBformationBwhichBcanBbeBtriggeredBbyBcardiacBriskBfactorsBsuchBa
sBelevatedBLDL,Bcholesterol,BsmokingBandBdiabetes.B
So,BwhyBisBthisBaBproblem?B
Well,BtheBplaqueBtakesBdecadesBtoBdevelopBinBtheBcoronaryBarteries.BWithBmildBdisease,BbloodBflo
wBcanBgetBthroughBtheBarteriesBandBtheBpatientBisBasymptomatic.BOvertime,BthisBbuildBupBcanBlead
BtoBnarrowingBwhichBresultsBinBdecreasedBoxygenBsupply.BWhenBatherosclerosisBreachesBaBclinicall
yBsignificantBlevel,BtheBpatientBwillBbeginBtoBexperienceBangina.BFurtherBprogressionBofBtheBdiseas
eBwillBresultBinBacuteBcoronaryBsyndromeB(ACS),BformerlyBknownBasBmyocardialBinfarctionB(MI).
TheBmajorBriskBfactorBforBtheBdevelopmentBofBCADB-BCORRECTBANSWER-
TheBmajorBriskBfactorBforBtheBdevelopmentBofBCADBisBfamilyBhistory.BThereBisBaB50%BhigherBriskBforB
individualsBtoBdevelopBheartBdiseaseBifBtheyBhaveBaBfirstBdegreeBrelativeB(especiallyBfather)BorBsibli
ngBwhoBhasBsufferedBfromBACSBorBprematureBcardiacBdeathB(<BageB55Byears).BLifestyleBalsoBimpact
sBrisk,BespeciallyBtobaccoBuseBandBevenBsecondhandBsmokeBexposure.BItBisBalwaysBimportantBforBt
heBNPBtoBstressBsmokingBcessationBwithBallBpatientsBwhoBsmokeBtobacco,BinBorderBtoBdecreaseBthe
Bpatient'sBriskBforBCAD.BSedentaryBlifestyleBwillBalsoBincreaseBone'sBriskBforBdevelopingBCAD.BPhysic
alBinactivityBcanBleadBtoBoverweightB(BMIB25-
29.9)BorBobesityB(BMIB30BandBabove).BMaleBgender,Bhypertension,BElevatedBtotalBcholesterol,Belev
atedBlow-densityBlipoproteinB(LDL),Band/orBdecreasedBhigh-
densityBlipoproteinB(HDL)BareBalsoBriskBfactors,BasBwellBasBdiabetesBmellitus.
MyocardialBischemiaB-BCORRECTBANSWER-
MyocardialBischemiaBisBtheBcauseBofBhisBchestBpain.BIschemiaBoccursBwhenBtheBheart'sBoxygenBde
mandBexceedsBsupply.BForBthisBpatient,BheBexperiencedBhisBchestBpainBduringBexercise.BIschemiaBo
ccurredBbecauseBofBtheBnarrowingBofBatBleastBoneBcoronaryBarteryBbyBatheroscleroticBplaques.BTh
eBresultBisBtheBnarrowingBofBtheBdiameterBofBtheBcoronaryBartery.BThisBreducesBoxygenatedBbloodB
flowBthroughBtheBarteryBthatBleadsBtoBanBinsufficientBoxygenBsupplyBtoBtheBheart.BAdenosineBisBals
oBreleasedBthatBstimulatesBsympatheticBnerveBfibersBthatBcausesBatrialBandBventricularBcontractio
n.BInBaddition,BsympatheticBstimulationBoccursBatBtheBupperBthoracicBdorsalBrootsBofBtheBspinalBco
rdBthatBleadsBtoBtheBarmBpain.
C.G.BhasBseveralBriskBfactorsBcontributingBtoBtheBdevelopmentBofBCAD:B-BCORRECTBANSWER-
1)Bmale
2)BfamilyBhistoryBofBCAD
3)Bhypertension
