NUR 753 EXAM 1 (CARDIOVASCULAR PATHOPHYSIOLOGY) |
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | VERIFIED ANSWERS | LATEST EXAM
Automaticity
The ability to generate an action potential spontaneously
Excitability
the ability to respond to an electrical stimulus by depolarizing and firing an
action potential
Conductance
the ability to transmit an electrical current
Contractility. What is it independent of?
the ability of the myocardial sarcomeres to perform work (shorten & produce
force)
independent of preload and afterload
Inotropy
strength (the force of myocardial contraction during systole)
Chronotropy
speed of contraction (HR)
Dromotropy
conduction velocity through heart (velocity = distance/time)
Lusitropy
rate of relaxation
Preload
myocardial stretch induced by venous return
Preload is directly related to ventricular filling
Afterload
Force that the LV must overcome to eject its stroke volume
Bathmotropy
,Modifying the degree of excitability of cardiac musculature (especially of the
action of cardiac nerves)
What is the double walled sac that surrounds the heart called? Can you
describe each of it's layers?
pericardium
outer layer of pericardium: fibrous
inner layer pericardium: serous
serous layers has an outer parietal layer, serous fluid, and inner visceral layer
The goal of the heart is to maintain pressure, can you tell me the fancy
terms that describe the pressure that moves blood out?
a high hydrostatic pressure is generated to pump blood out of the heart, while
also creating a low pressure to bring it back in
How does defibrillation work to fix fibrillation of the heart?
Defibrillation stops the heart by triggering action potentials in all cardiac cells
b/c K and Na channels are most leaky at the SA node, it should come back from
the refractory period first, hopefully triggering the heart to settle back into NSR
What components/characteristics do BOTH skeletal and cardiac muscle
cells contain? (2)
1. actin & myosin
2. are striated
What characteristics does a cardiac muscle cell have that a skeletal muscle
cell does not? (4)
1. involuntary
2. physically & electrically connected (cannot have some working while others
do not like skeletal muscles can)
3. intercalated discs
4. actin & myosin fibers are branched
The cardiovascular system consists of what 3 components?
1. heart
2. blood vessels
3. blood
, What are the 3 main functions of the cardiovascular system?
1. transport (O2, remove waste, nutrients, hormones)
2. protection of the body (WBC, antibodies, compliment proteins, clotting
mechanisms)
3. regulation (temp, water content of cells, pH)
What is the location of the heart within the body?
center of the thoracic cavity in the mediastinum area between the lungs
How is the heart suspended in the thoracic cavity?
by its attachments to the great vessels
What protects the heart?
the pericardium, a thin fibrous sac
What are the 3 layers of the heart?
1. Epicardium
2. Myocardium
3. Endocardium
Name the 4 heart valves
1. Tricuspid
2. Mitral
3. Pulmonic
4. Aortic
Which heart valves are atrioventricular valves? Which are semilunar?
AV valves: tricuspid, mitral
Semilunar: pulmonic, aortic
What is the main function of the heart valves?
prevent back flow of blood in the heart
Which valves have 3 cusps?
1. tricuspid
2. pulmonic
3. aortic
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | VERIFIED ANSWERS | LATEST EXAM
Automaticity
The ability to generate an action potential spontaneously
Excitability
the ability to respond to an electrical stimulus by depolarizing and firing an
action potential
Conductance
the ability to transmit an electrical current
Contractility. What is it independent of?
the ability of the myocardial sarcomeres to perform work (shorten & produce
force)
independent of preload and afterload
Inotropy
strength (the force of myocardial contraction during systole)
Chronotropy
speed of contraction (HR)
Dromotropy
conduction velocity through heart (velocity = distance/time)
Lusitropy
rate of relaxation
Preload
myocardial stretch induced by venous return
Preload is directly related to ventricular filling
Afterload
Force that the LV must overcome to eject its stroke volume
Bathmotropy
,Modifying the degree of excitability of cardiac musculature (especially of the
action of cardiac nerves)
What is the double walled sac that surrounds the heart called? Can you
describe each of it's layers?
pericardium
outer layer of pericardium: fibrous
inner layer pericardium: serous
serous layers has an outer parietal layer, serous fluid, and inner visceral layer
The goal of the heart is to maintain pressure, can you tell me the fancy
terms that describe the pressure that moves blood out?
a high hydrostatic pressure is generated to pump blood out of the heart, while
also creating a low pressure to bring it back in
How does defibrillation work to fix fibrillation of the heart?
Defibrillation stops the heart by triggering action potentials in all cardiac cells
b/c K and Na channels are most leaky at the SA node, it should come back from
the refractory period first, hopefully triggering the heart to settle back into NSR
What components/characteristics do BOTH skeletal and cardiac muscle
cells contain? (2)
1. actin & myosin
2. are striated
What characteristics does a cardiac muscle cell have that a skeletal muscle
cell does not? (4)
1. involuntary
2. physically & electrically connected (cannot have some working while others
do not like skeletal muscles can)
3. intercalated discs
4. actin & myosin fibers are branched
The cardiovascular system consists of what 3 components?
1. heart
2. blood vessels
3. blood
, What are the 3 main functions of the cardiovascular system?
1. transport (O2, remove waste, nutrients, hormones)
2. protection of the body (WBC, antibodies, compliment proteins, clotting
mechanisms)
3. regulation (temp, water content of cells, pH)
What is the location of the heart within the body?
center of the thoracic cavity in the mediastinum area between the lungs
How is the heart suspended in the thoracic cavity?
by its attachments to the great vessels
What protects the heart?
the pericardium, a thin fibrous sac
What are the 3 layers of the heart?
1. Epicardium
2. Myocardium
3. Endocardium
Name the 4 heart valves
1. Tricuspid
2. Mitral
3. Pulmonic
4. Aortic
Which heart valves are atrioventricular valves? Which are semilunar?
AV valves: tricuspid, mitral
Semilunar: pulmonic, aortic
What is the main function of the heart valves?
prevent back flow of blood in the heart
Which valves have 3 cusps?
1. tricuspid
2. pulmonic
3. aortic
