NUR 257 Exam 2 Review
Age-related changes of the skin - Answer-reduced number of melanocytes, thinning, increased time for
cell renewal, reduced thickness, reduced elastin, reduced sebum production.
Age-related changes of the hair and nails - Answer-decreased nail growth, brittle nails, nails change
shape, hair thins, decreased pubic hair.
Age-related changes of the musculoskeletal - Answer-reduced muscle mass/strength, reduced bone
mineral density, reduced body water, reduced flexibility, decreased estrogen=shorten appearance,
kyphosis.
Age-related changes of the heart - Answer-takes longer for heart to accelerate and rest, blood vessels
stiffen, LV wall thickens, increased size of LA, reduced blood flow to some organs, increased risk for HTN,
baroreceptors don't work as well (help control BP).
Age-related changes of respiratory - Answer-loss of elasticity= stiffened chest wall, less efficient gas
exchange, increased resistance to air flow; loss of recoil, decreased cough response/effectiveness, cilia
less effective=increase risk for infection
Age-related changes to the kidneys - Answer-increased susceptibility to fluid and electrolyte imbalances,
decreased blood flow to kidneys, decreased size and function, inability to excrete medications as well.
Age-related changes: Endocrine - Answer-DM2 and hypothyroidism increases, T3 levels decrease, glands
shrink, decreased secretion rate, increased insulin resistance.
Age-related changes: Reproductive - Answer-Females: breasts smaller and less firm, reproductive organs
atrophy, decreased estrogen and lube, increased risk for vaginitis.
, Males: decreased sperm mobility and testosterone, testicles atrophy, BPH, ejaculation slow.
Age-related changes: GI - Answer-Mouth: wear and tear of teeth = increased risk for decay; gums recede
and increase r/f oral and cardiac dz.
Esophagus: sluggish/erratic movement of muscles = increased r/f GERD
Stomach: decreased motility, reduced bicarb and gastric mucus = early sensation of fullness, increased
r/f pernicious anemia and peptic ulcer dz
Intestines: reduced function of intestinal villi = reduced ability to absorb nutrients
Liver: reduced blood flow = increased half-life of fat-soluble meds
FANCAPES - Answer-F - Fluids
A - Aeration
N - Nutrition
C - Communication
A - Activity
P - Pain
E - Elimination
S - Socialization
SPICES - Answer-S: sleep disorders
P: problems with eating
I: incontinence
C: confusion
E: evidence of falls
S: skin breakdown
Age-related changes of the skin - Answer-reduced number of melanocytes, thinning, increased time for
cell renewal, reduced thickness, reduced elastin, reduced sebum production.
Age-related changes of the hair and nails - Answer-decreased nail growth, brittle nails, nails change
shape, hair thins, decreased pubic hair.
Age-related changes of the musculoskeletal - Answer-reduced muscle mass/strength, reduced bone
mineral density, reduced body water, reduced flexibility, decreased estrogen=shorten appearance,
kyphosis.
Age-related changes of the heart - Answer-takes longer for heart to accelerate and rest, blood vessels
stiffen, LV wall thickens, increased size of LA, reduced blood flow to some organs, increased risk for HTN,
baroreceptors don't work as well (help control BP).
Age-related changes of respiratory - Answer-loss of elasticity= stiffened chest wall, less efficient gas
exchange, increased resistance to air flow; loss of recoil, decreased cough response/effectiveness, cilia
less effective=increase risk for infection
Age-related changes to the kidneys - Answer-increased susceptibility to fluid and electrolyte imbalances,
decreased blood flow to kidneys, decreased size and function, inability to excrete medications as well.
Age-related changes: Endocrine - Answer-DM2 and hypothyroidism increases, T3 levels decrease, glands
shrink, decreased secretion rate, increased insulin resistance.
Age-related changes: Reproductive - Answer-Females: breasts smaller and less firm, reproductive organs
atrophy, decreased estrogen and lube, increased risk for vaginitis.
, Males: decreased sperm mobility and testosterone, testicles atrophy, BPH, ejaculation slow.
Age-related changes: GI - Answer-Mouth: wear and tear of teeth = increased risk for decay; gums recede
and increase r/f oral and cardiac dz.
Esophagus: sluggish/erratic movement of muscles = increased r/f GERD
Stomach: decreased motility, reduced bicarb and gastric mucus = early sensation of fullness, increased
r/f pernicious anemia and peptic ulcer dz
Intestines: reduced function of intestinal villi = reduced ability to absorb nutrients
Liver: reduced blood flow = increased half-life of fat-soluble meds
FANCAPES - Answer-F - Fluids
A - Aeration
N - Nutrition
C - Communication
A - Activity
P - Pain
E - Elimination
S - Socialization
SPICES - Answer-S: sleep disorders
P: problems with eating
I: incontinence
C: confusion
E: evidence of falls
S: skin breakdown
