CAMPBELL-BIOLOGY-IN-FOCUS CHAPTERS 54 EXAM Q’S AND A’S

CAMPBELL-BIOLOGY-IN-FOCUS CHAPTERS 54 EXAM Q’S AND A’S . biological community - answer- The populations of plants animals and microorganisms living and interacting in a certain area at a given time. interspecific interactions - answer- competition, predation, herbivory, symbiosis, and facilitation Interspecific competition - answer- a -/- interaction that occurs when individuals of different species compete for a resource that limits their growth and survival competitive exclusion - answer- one species succeeding over another when the growth of both species is limited by the same resource ecological niche - answer- the sum of a species' use of the biotic and abiotic resources in its environment resource partitioning - answer- the differentiation of niches that enables similar species to coexist in a community character displacement - answer- The tendency for characteristics to be more divergent in sympatric populations of two species than in allopatric populations of the same two species. Predation - answer- an +/- interaction between two species in which one species, the predator, feeds on the other species, the prey. cryptic coloration - answer- Camouflage, making potential prey difficult to spot against its background Aposematic coloration - answer- The bright coloration of animals with effective physical or chemical defenses that acts as a warning to predators Batesian mimicry - answer- A type of mimicry in which a harmless species looks like a species that is poisonous or otherwise harmful to predators. Mullerian mimicry - answer- two or more unpalatable species resemble each other herbavory - answer- herbivore gets food, plants get eaten (+/- interaction) symbiosis - answer- An ecological relationship between organisms of two different species that live together in direct and intimate contact. Parasitism - answer- (+/-) a relationship between two species in which one species, the parasite, benefits from the other species, the host, which is harmed endoparasites - answer- internal parasites the live inside the body ectoparasites - answer- parasites that feed on the external surface of a host mutualism - answer- (+/+) symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit from the relationship Commensalism - answer- (+/-) symbiotic relationship in which one member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed Facilitation - answer- (0/+, +/+) an interaction in which one species has a positive effect on the survival and reproduction of another species without the intimate association of a symbiosis species diversity - answer- the number and relative abundance of species in a biological community. 2 component - species richness, relative abundance species richness - answer- the number of different species in a community relative abundance - answer- the proportion each species represents of the total individuals in the community invasive species - answer- a species that takes hold outside of its native range; usually introduced by humans trophic structure - answer- feeding relationships between organisms food chain - answer- pathway of food transfer from one trophic level to another (from producers to top carnivores) food web - answer- Network of complex interactions formed by the feeding relationships among the various organisms in an ecosystem. energetic hypothesis - answer- The concept that the length of a food chain is limited by the inefficiency of energy transfer along the chain. dynamic stability hypothesis - answer- The idea that long food chains are less stable than short chains. Dominant species - answer- Those species in a community that have the highest abundance or highest biomass. These species exert a powerful control over the occurrence and distribution of other species. keystone species - answer- a species that is critical to the functioning of the ecosystem in which it lives because it affects the survival and abundance of many other species in its community ecosystem engineers - answer- species that dramatically alter their environment biomanipulation - answer- An approach that applies the top-down model of community organization to alter ecosystem characteristics. For example, ecologists can prevent algal blooms and eutrophication by altering the density of higher-level consumers in lakes instead of by using chemical treatments. disturbance - answer- A discrete event that disrupts an ecosystem or community. Exa