ENG101 – Grammar Foundations & Parts of Speech
Master Guide | Complete Sentence Structure,
Phrases, Clauses & Function Notes (2025)
base of the grammar house (8 parts of speech) - noun, adjective, verb, adverb, pronoun,
conjunction, interjection, preposition
poles of the grammar house (5 phrases) - infinitive, gerund, participle, appositive,
preposition
roof of the grammar house (2 clauses) - independent, dependent
3 types of dependent clauses - noun, adverb, adjective
noun - person, place, thing, idea
verb - action or state of being
adjective - modifies nouns and pronouns
adverb - modifies adverbs, verbs, and adjectives
pronoun - in place of noun, has the same functions
conjunction - joins words, phrases, and clauses
interjection - comes at beginning of sentence, ends in ! or if it's mild it end in a comma
preposition - relates a noun/pronoun to another part of a sentence
list the 7 functions of a noun - subject, direct object, indirect object, subject complement, object
of the preposition, direct address, appositive
adverbs answer... - where, when, how, why, to what extent adjectives answer... - which,
what kind, how many
list 20 prepositions - above, beneath, under, over, in, out, through, across, on, below, with, to, for,
beside, behind, as, at, except, until, without, etc.
list 15 subordinate conjuctions - after, although, as, as soon as, because, before, by the time, even
if, if, in case, once, only if, though, unless, while: song to help remember-
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MK0IRGArHfE
, list the coordinate conjuctions - for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
list correlative conjunctions - neither...nor
either...or
both...and
whether...or
not only...but also
list the 7 types of pronouns - reflexive, intensive, interrogative, demonstrative, indefinite,
relative, personal
ask who, whom, whose, which, what - interrogative pronouns
introduce dependent adjective clauses and answer who, whom, whose, which, that - relative
pronouns
point out something specific and recently named (this, these, that, those) - demonstrative
pronouns
fail to specify certain quality or quantity - indefinite pronouns
test to run to see if the pronoun is singular or plural - check to see if the object of the preposition
is singular or plural
ALWAYS singular indefinite pronouns include... - somebody, anybody, nobody, everybody,
someone, anyone, no one, everyone, something, anything, nothing, everything, each, either,
neither, one
ALWAYS plural indefinite pronouns include... - few, many, several, both
maybe singular or plural indefinite pronouns include... - all, none, some, most, more,
any
ends in self/selves BUT comes later in the sentence - reflexive pronouns
ends in self/selves BUT comes directly after the noun - intensive pronouns
has 3 cases and is best understood in paradigms - personal pronouns
nominative case 1ST PERSON (personal pronoun) - singular: I
plural: we
nominative case 2ND PERSON (personal pronoun) - singular: you
Master Guide | Complete Sentence Structure,
Phrases, Clauses & Function Notes (2025)
base of the grammar house (8 parts of speech) - noun, adjective, verb, adverb, pronoun,
conjunction, interjection, preposition
poles of the grammar house (5 phrases) - infinitive, gerund, participle, appositive,
preposition
roof of the grammar house (2 clauses) - independent, dependent
3 types of dependent clauses - noun, adverb, adjective
noun - person, place, thing, idea
verb - action or state of being
adjective - modifies nouns and pronouns
adverb - modifies adverbs, verbs, and adjectives
pronoun - in place of noun, has the same functions
conjunction - joins words, phrases, and clauses
interjection - comes at beginning of sentence, ends in ! or if it's mild it end in a comma
preposition - relates a noun/pronoun to another part of a sentence
list the 7 functions of a noun - subject, direct object, indirect object, subject complement, object
of the preposition, direct address, appositive
adverbs answer... - where, when, how, why, to what extent adjectives answer... - which,
what kind, how many
list 20 prepositions - above, beneath, under, over, in, out, through, across, on, below, with, to, for,
beside, behind, as, at, except, until, without, etc.
list 15 subordinate conjuctions - after, although, as, as soon as, because, before, by the time, even
if, if, in case, once, only if, though, unless, while: song to help remember-
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MK0IRGArHfE
, list the coordinate conjuctions - for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
list correlative conjunctions - neither...nor
either...or
both...and
whether...or
not only...but also
list the 7 types of pronouns - reflexive, intensive, interrogative, demonstrative, indefinite,
relative, personal
ask who, whom, whose, which, what - interrogative pronouns
introduce dependent adjective clauses and answer who, whom, whose, which, that - relative
pronouns
point out something specific and recently named (this, these, that, those) - demonstrative
pronouns
fail to specify certain quality or quantity - indefinite pronouns
test to run to see if the pronoun is singular or plural - check to see if the object of the preposition
is singular or plural
ALWAYS singular indefinite pronouns include... - somebody, anybody, nobody, everybody,
someone, anyone, no one, everyone, something, anything, nothing, everything, each, either,
neither, one
ALWAYS plural indefinite pronouns include... - few, many, several, both
maybe singular or plural indefinite pronouns include... - all, none, some, most, more,
any
ends in self/selves BUT comes later in the sentence - reflexive pronouns
ends in self/selves BUT comes directly after the noun - intensive pronouns
has 3 cases and is best understood in paradigms - personal pronouns
nominative case 1ST PERSON (personal pronoun) - singular: I
plural: we
nominative case 2ND PERSON (personal pronoun) - singular: you
