BIO-EX001: The Ultimate Biology Power Guide —
Unlocking the Hidden Secrets of Cells, Genes,
Energy, and Ecosystems for a Deeper Understanding
of Life Itself
What does a nucleus do? - It contains genetic material and controls the activities of the
cell
What does cytoplasm do? - It's a gel-like substance where most of the chemical reactions
happen. It contains enzymes that control these chemical reactions
What does a cell membrane do? - It holds the cell together and controls what goes in and
out
What do mitochondria do? - These are where most of the reactions for aerobic respiration
occur. Respiration transfers energy that the cell needs to work
What do ribosomes do? - This is where protein synthesis takes place - where proteins are made
in the cell
What do cell walls do? - They are made of cellulose and they support and strengthen the
cell
What does a vacuole do? - It contains cell sap and helps maintain the shape of the cell
What do chloroplasts do? - This is where photosynthesis occurs, which makes food for the plant.
They contain chlorophyll - a green pigment - which absorbs light needed for
photosynthesis
What do bacterial cells contain? - Cytoplasm, cell membrane, cell wall, flagella, ribosomes,
mitochondria, slime capsule, plasmids (small rings of DNA) and a single circular strand of DNA
that floats freely in the cytoplasm
What do bacterial cells NOT contain? - A nucleus
What is the equation for magnification? - Image size divided by actual size
What is differentiation? - The process by which a cell changes to become specialised for its
job
,What are undifferentiated cells called? - Stem cells
What are sperm cells specialised for and how are they specialised? - Reproduction - they
transport the male DNA to the female DNA
-It has a flagella and a streamlined head to help it swim towards the egg
-There are lots of mitochondria in the cell to provide the energy needed
-It carries enzymes in its head to help digest through the egg cell membranes
What are nerve cells specialised for and how are they specialised? - Rapid signalling - they carry
electrical signals from one part of the body to another
-They are long to cover more distance
-They have branched connections at their ends to connect to other nerve cells and form a
network throughout the body
What are muscle cells specialised for and how are they specialised? - Contraction - they need to
contract quickly
-They are long so they have space to contract
-They contain lots of mitochondria to generate the energy needed for contraction
What are root hair cells specialised for and how are they specialised? - Absorbing water and
minerals
-They are cells on the surface of plant roots which grow into long hairs that stick out into the soil
-They have a large surface area for absorbing water and mineral ions from the soil
What are chromosomes? - Coiled up lengths of DNA molecules that are found in the
nuclei
What do multicellular organisms use mitosis for? - To grow or replace cells that have been
damaged
What are stem cells? - They are undifferentiated cells that divide to produce lots more
undifferentiated cells. They then differentiate into different types of cell
Where are stem cells found? - In early human embryos or the bone marrow of adults
What do embryonic stem cells do? - 1) Used to replace faulty cells in sick people - insulin-
producing cells for diabetes and nerve cells for paralysed spinal injuries
, 2) Used to replace faulty blood cells
What is diffusion? - Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to
an area of low concentration
Name the substances that can diffuse through cell membranes - Glucose, water, oxygen and
amino acids
Name two substances that can't diffuse through cell membranes - Protein and starch
What is osmosis? - Osmosis is the passive movement of water molecules through a partially
permeable cell membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water
concentration
What are the two main differences between active transport and diffusion? - Active transport
uses energy whereas diffusion doesn't. Active transport goes against the concentration gradient
whereas diffusion goes along it
Adaptations of Exchange Surfaces - 1) Large surface area - lots of substances can diffuse at once
2) Lots of blood vessels - to get stuff into and out of the blood quickly
3) Thin membrane - short distance for substances to diffuse
4) Often ventilated - air moves in & out
Give two ways that the villi in the small intestine are adapted for absorbing digested food - 1) A
single layer of surface cells
2) A very good blood supply to assist quick absorption
Explain how the leaves are adapted to maximise the amount of carbon dioxide that gets into
their cells - 1) The exchange surface in a leaf is covered in stomata which the carbon dioxide
diffuses through
2) The leaf has a flattened shape which increases the area of its exchange surface, therefore it's
more effective
3) The walls of the cells inside the leaf act as another exchange surface
4) The air spaces inside the leaf increase the area of the exchange surface which increases the
chance for carbon dioxide to enter the cells
What affects the rate of diffusion? - Concentration gradient - the steeper the gradient, the faster
the rate
Unlocking the Hidden Secrets of Cells, Genes,
Energy, and Ecosystems for a Deeper Understanding
of Life Itself
What does a nucleus do? - It contains genetic material and controls the activities of the
cell
What does cytoplasm do? - It's a gel-like substance where most of the chemical reactions
happen. It contains enzymes that control these chemical reactions
What does a cell membrane do? - It holds the cell together and controls what goes in and
out
What do mitochondria do? - These are where most of the reactions for aerobic respiration
occur. Respiration transfers energy that the cell needs to work
What do ribosomes do? - This is where protein synthesis takes place - where proteins are made
in the cell
What do cell walls do? - They are made of cellulose and they support and strengthen the
cell
What does a vacuole do? - It contains cell sap and helps maintain the shape of the cell
What do chloroplasts do? - This is where photosynthesis occurs, which makes food for the plant.
They contain chlorophyll - a green pigment - which absorbs light needed for
photosynthesis
What do bacterial cells contain? - Cytoplasm, cell membrane, cell wall, flagella, ribosomes,
mitochondria, slime capsule, plasmids (small rings of DNA) and a single circular strand of DNA
that floats freely in the cytoplasm
What do bacterial cells NOT contain? - A nucleus
What is the equation for magnification? - Image size divided by actual size
What is differentiation? - The process by which a cell changes to become specialised for its
job
,What are undifferentiated cells called? - Stem cells
What are sperm cells specialised for and how are they specialised? - Reproduction - they
transport the male DNA to the female DNA
-It has a flagella and a streamlined head to help it swim towards the egg
-There are lots of mitochondria in the cell to provide the energy needed
-It carries enzymes in its head to help digest through the egg cell membranes
What are nerve cells specialised for and how are they specialised? - Rapid signalling - they carry
electrical signals from one part of the body to another
-They are long to cover more distance
-They have branched connections at their ends to connect to other nerve cells and form a
network throughout the body
What are muscle cells specialised for and how are they specialised? - Contraction - they need to
contract quickly
-They are long so they have space to contract
-They contain lots of mitochondria to generate the energy needed for contraction
What are root hair cells specialised for and how are they specialised? - Absorbing water and
minerals
-They are cells on the surface of plant roots which grow into long hairs that stick out into the soil
-They have a large surface area for absorbing water and mineral ions from the soil
What are chromosomes? - Coiled up lengths of DNA molecules that are found in the
nuclei
What do multicellular organisms use mitosis for? - To grow or replace cells that have been
damaged
What are stem cells? - They are undifferentiated cells that divide to produce lots more
undifferentiated cells. They then differentiate into different types of cell
Where are stem cells found? - In early human embryos or the bone marrow of adults
What do embryonic stem cells do? - 1) Used to replace faulty cells in sick people - insulin-
producing cells for diabetes and nerve cells for paralysed spinal injuries
, 2) Used to replace faulty blood cells
What is diffusion? - Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to
an area of low concentration
Name the substances that can diffuse through cell membranes - Glucose, water, oxygen and
amino acids
Name two substances that can't diffuse through cell membranes - Protein and starch
What is osmosis? - Osmosis is the passive movement of water molecules through a partially
permeable cell membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water
concentration
What are the two main differences between active transport and diffusion? - Active transport
uses energy whereas diffusion doesn't. Active transport goes against the concentration gradient
whereas diffusion goes along it
Adaptations of Exchange Surfaces - 1) Large surface area - lots of substances can diffuse at once
2) Lots of blood vessels - to get stuff into and out of the blood quickly
3) Thin membrane - short distance for substances to diffuse
4) Often ventilated - air moves in & out
Give two ways that the villi in the small intestine are adapted for absorbing digested food - 1) A
single layer of surface cells
2) A very good blood supply to assist quick absorption
Explain how the leaves are adapted to maximise the amount of carbon dioxide that gets into
their cells - 1) The exchange surface in a leaf is covered in stomata which the carbon dioxide
diffuses through
2) The leaf has a flattened shape which increases the area of its exchange surface, therefore it's
more effective
3) The walls of the cells inside the leaf act as another exchange surface
4) The air spaces inside the leaf increase the area of the exchange surface which increases the
chance for carbon dioxide to enter the cells
What affects the rate of diffusion? - Concentration gradient - the steeper the gradient, the faster
the rate
