10/25/2025
REDOX TITRATIONS
(a)Concepts of oxidation and reduction and balancing of redox reaction
(b)Types of redox titrations (Principles and applications)
(a)Cerimetry,
(b)Iodimetry, Iodometry,
(c) Bromatometry,
(d)Dichrometry,
(e) Permanganometry,
(f) Titration with potassium iodate
Concept of Oxidation
Concept of Oxidation is a process in which a chemical species loses one or
more electrons, leading to an increase in its oxidation state.
In simpler terms, the species becomes more positively charged.
Oxidation is often associated with the addition of oxygen to a substance or
the removal of hydrogen from it.
However, the key factor that defines oxidation is the loss of electrons.
Loss of Hydrogen
Gain of Oxygen
, 10/25/2025
Concept of Reduction
Concept of Reduction is a process in which a chemical species gains one or
more electrons, leading to a decrease in its oxidation state.
In other words, the species becomes less positively charged or more
negatively charged.
Reduction is often associated with the addition of hydrogen to a substance or
the removal of oxygen from it, but fundamentally, it is the gain of electrons
that defines reduction.
Gain of Hydrogen
Loss of Oxygen
Concept of Oxidizing Agents
An oxidizing agent is a substance that gains electrons in a redox reaction,
causing the oxidation of another species.
By accepting electrons from another species, it enables that species to lose
electrons, leading to its oxidation.
As a result, the oxidizing agent itself gets reduced in the process. Oxidizing
agents typically have a high affinity for electrons and can be identified by
their ability to oxidize other substances.
, 10/25/2025
Concept of Oxidizing Agents
•An oxidizing agent is one that gains electrons and reduces to a lower valency.
•Example:
In the reaction between hydrogen gas (H₂) and oxygen gas (O₂) to form water (H₂O):
2H₂ (g) + O₂ (g) →
2H₂O (l)
Oxidation Reduction
Reducing Agent Oxidising Agent
0 0
+1,-2 (Total Sum=0)
Oxygen (O₂) is the oxidizing agent, as it gains electrons from hydrogen (H₂) during the
reaction, leading to the reduction of oxygen and the oxidation of hydrogen.
Water is a neutral compound, so the sum of the oxidation numbers for all the atoms in
Concept of Reducing Agents
A reducing agent is a substance that donates electrons in a redox reaction,
causing the reduction of another species.
By giving away electrons to another species, it enables that species to gain
electrons, leading to its reduction.
As a result, the reducing agent itself gets oxidized in the process. Reducing
agents typically have a low affinity for electrons and are identified by their
ability to reduce other substances.
, 10/25/2025
Concept of Reducing Agents
A reducing agent is one that loses electrons and oxidizes to a higher valency.
Example:
In the reaction between hydrogen gas (H₂) and oxygen gas (O₂) to form water (H₂O):
2H₂ (g) + O₂ (g) →
2H₂O (l)
Oxidation Reduction
Reducing Agent Oxidising Agent
0 0
+1,-2 (Total Sum=0)
Hydrogen (H₂) is the reducing agent, as it donates electrons to oxygen (O₂)
during the reaction, leading to the oxidation of hydrogen and the reduction
Oxidizing and Reducing Agents Examples
In an acid medium,
potassium permanganate
oxidized iron (II) to iron
(III) state. In this reaction,
the permanganate ion is an
oxidizing agent, and the
iron (II) ion or ferrous ion is
a reducing agent.
REDOX TITRATIONS
(a)Concepts of oxidation and reduction and balancing of redox reaction
(b)Types of redox titrations (Principles and applications)
(a)Cerimetry,
(b)Iodimetry, Iodometry,
(c) Bromatometry,
(d)Dichrometry,
(e) Permanganometry,
(f) Titration with potassium iodate
Concept of Oxidation
Concept of Oxidation is a process in which a chemical species loses one or
more electrons, leading to an increase in its oxidation state.
In simpler terms, the species becomes more positively charged.
Oxidation is often associated with the addition of oxygen to a substance or
the removal of hydrogen from it.
However, the key factor that defines oxidation is the loss of electrons.
Loss of Hydrogen
Gain of Oxygen
, 10/25/2025
Concept of Reduction
Concept of Reduction is a process in which a chemical species gains one or
more electrons, leading to a decrease in its oxidation state.
In other words, the species becomes less positively charged or more
negatively charged.
Reduction is often associated with the addition of hydrogen to a substance or
the removal of oxygen from it, but fundamentally, it is the gain of electrons
that defines reduction.
Gain of Hydrogen
Loss of Oxygen
Concept of Oxidizing Agents
An oxidizing agent is a substance that gains electrons in a redox reaction,
causing the oxidation of another species.
By accepting electrons from another species, it enables that species to lose
electrons, leading to its oxidation.
As a result, the oxidizing agent itself gets reduced in the process. Oxidizing
agents typically have a high affinity for electrons and can be identified by
their ability to oxidize other substances.
, 10/25/2025
Concept of Oxidizing Agents
•An oxidizing agent is one that gains electrons and reduces to a lower valency.
•Example:
In the reaction between hydrogen gas (H₂) and oxygen gas (O₂) to form water (H₂O):
2H₂ (g) + O₂ (g) →
2H₂O (l)
Oxidation Reduction
Reducing Agent Oxidising Agent
0 0
+1,-2 (Total Sum=0)
Oxygen (O₂) is the oxidizing agent, as it gains electrons from hydrogen (H₂) during the
reaction, leading to the reduction of oxygen and the oxidation of hydrogen.
Water is a neutral compound, so the sum of the oxidation numbers for all the atoms in
Concept of Reducing Agents
A reducing agent is a substance that donates electrons in a redox reaction,
causing the reduction of another species.
By giving away electrons to another species, it enables that species to gain
electrons, leading to its reduction.
As a result, the reducing agent itself gets oxidized in the process. Reducing
agents typically have a low affinity for electrons and are identified by their
ability to reduce other substances.
, 10/25/2025
Concept of Reducing Agents
A reducing agent is one that loses electrons and oxidizes to a higher valency.
Example:
In the reaction between hydrogen gas (H₂) and oxygen gas (O₂) to form water (H₂O):
2H₂ (g) + O₂ (g) →
2H₂O (l)
Oxidation Reduction
Reducing Agent Oxidising Agent
0 0
+1,-2 (Total Sum=0)
Hydrogen (H₂) is the reducing agent, as it donates electrons to oxygen (O₂)
during the reaction, leading to the oxidation of hydrogen and the reduction
Oxidizing and Reducing Agents Examples
In an acid medium,
potassium permanganate
oxidized iron (II) to iron
(III) state. In this reaction,
the permanganate ion is an
oxidizing agent, and the
iron (II) ion or ferrous ion is
a reducing agent.
