AQA A LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY PAPER 2
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1. Give one reason When we're in unknown situations schemas help us know how to behave. So when
why schema's are we do not know what to do our schema fills in the gaps for us and allow us to
useful? process situations better.
2. Give one reason schemas may exclude information which doesn't conform to our prior expecta-
why schema's are tions. As a result, we may form stereotypes which are difficult to shift, even if
not useful? new,disputing information is presented. This means we may not be processing the
world around us accurately and may misjudge or represent a person or situation.
3. Discuss the de- Displacement is when we redirect our hostile feelings onto something else be-
fense mechanism cause it is not appropriate to express their feeling towards the person or object in
shown by Jed? question. Jed can't take his frustration out on his teacher, who issued the detention
and he displaced his feelings by kicking the locker.
4. Outline the key The behaviourist approach suggests that the basic processes that govern learning
features of the in all species are the same. We learn through two concepts: operant conditioning
behaviourist ap- and classical conditioning.
proach. Compare
to the biological
approach,
(A01 Behav-
iourist)
5. Outline the key The idea of classical conditioning was developed by Pavlov who found that we
features of the learn through association. He found that it was possible to condition dogs to
behaviourist ap- associate the sound of a bell with food. This resulted in the dogs producing
proach. Compare a salivation response at the sound of a bell even when no food was present.
to the biological Pavlov demonstrated that repeated exposure to an event leads to a learned and
approach, (classi- uncontrollable behaviour.
cal conditioning)
6. Outline the key Skinner suggested behaviour resulted from learning through the consequences
features of the of our actions. He conducted research into operant conditioning theory using
1/8
, AQA A LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY PAPER 2
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_6c3ibn
behaviourist ap- rats, and found that three types of consequences will affect behaviour: positive
proach. Compare reinforcement involves rewarding a behaviour, which increases it being repeated;
to the biological negative reinforcement involves removing an unpleasant outcome to increase it
approach, (oper- being repeated; punishment involves adding an unpleasant outcome,reducing the
ant conditioning) behaviour.
7. Outline the key Both the behaviourist approach and biological approach share a similarity in being
features of the determinist. Both ignore the influence that the person can have and whether they
behaviourist ap- have free will and can make their own choices in these decisions.
proach. Compare
to the biological
approach, (simi-
larity to biologi-
cal)
8. Outline the key However, they differ in that the behaviourist approach is environmentally de-
features of the terminist while the biological approach is biologically determinist. Stating that
behaviourist ap- behaviour is the product of internal biological factors (e.g. genes, hormones,
proach. Compare neurotransmitters, etc.) while behaviourists argue that behaviour is determined
to the biological by the environment and is a product of stimulus-response associations
approach, (differ-
ence)
9. Outline the key Both approaches take a nomothetic approach when studying human behaviour.
features of the Both investigate behaviour to try to create universal laws that apply to all human
behaviourist ap- beings. Biologists argue that this is possible because human beings share similar
proach. Compare physiologies, and behaviourists argue that this is possible because all behaviour
to the biological is the result of learning and stimulus-response associations. Therefore, the aim of
approach (simi- generating universal laws that apply to all humans is another similarity between
larity) the behaviourist and biological approaches.
10. Outline the key the behaviourist approach and biological approach are different in their position
features of the on the nature-nurture debate. Behaviourist views rest firmly on the nurture side
2/8
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_6c3ibn
1. Give one reason When we're in unknown situations schemas help us know how to behave. So when
why schema's are we do not know what to do our schema fills in the gaps for us and allow us to
useful? process situations better.
2. Give one reason schemas may exclude information which doesn't conform to our prior expecta-
why schema's are tions. As a result, we may form stereotypes which are difficult to shift, even if
not useful? new,disputing information is presented. This means we may not be processing the
world around us accurately and may misjudge or represent a person or situation.
3. Discuss the de- Displacement is when we redirect our hostile feelings onto something else be-
fense mechanism cause it is not appropriate to express their feeling towards the person or object in
shown by Jed? question. Jed can't take his frustration out on his teacher, who issued the detention
and he displaced his feelings by kicking the locker.
4. Outline the key The behaviourist approach suggests that the basic processes that govern learning
features of the in all species are the same. We learn through two concepts: operant conditioning
behaviourist ap- and classical conditioning.
proach. Compare
to the biological
approach,
(A01 Behav-
iourist)
5. Outline the key The idea of classical conditioning was developed by Pavlov who found that we
features of the learn through association. He found that it was possible to condition dogs to
behaviourist ap- associate the sound of a bell with food. This resulted in the dogs producing
proach. Compare a salivation response at the sound of a bell even when no food was present.
to the biological Pavlov demonstrated that repeated exposure to an event leads to a learned and
approach, (classi- uncontrollable behaviour.
cal conditioning)
6. Outline the key Skinner suggested behaviour resulted from learning through the consequences
features of the of our actions. He conducted research into operant conditioning theory using
1/8
, AQA A LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY PAPER 2
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_6c3ibn
behaviourist ap- rats, and found that three types of consequences will affect behaviour: positive
proach. Compare reinforcement involves rewarding a behaviour, which increases it being repeated;
to the biological negative reinforcement involves removing an unpleasant outcome to increase it
approach, (oper- being repeated; punishment involves adding an unpleasant outcome,reducing the
ant conditioning) behaviour.
7. Outline the key Both the behaviourist approach and biological approach share a similarity in being
features of the determinist. Both ignore the influence that the person can have and whether they
behaviourist ap- have free will and can make their own choices in these decisions.
proach. Compare
to the biological
approach, (simi-
larity to biologi-
cal)
8. Outline the key However, they differ in that the behaviourist approach is environmentally de-
features of the terminist while the biological approach is biologically determinist. Stating that
behaviourist ap- behaviour is the product of internal biological factors (e.g. genes, hormones,
proach. Compare neurotransmitters, etc.) while behaviourists argue that behaviour is determined
to the biological by the environment and is a product of stimulus-response associations
approach, (differ-
ence)
9. Outline the key Both approaches take a nomothetic approach when studying human behaviour.
features of the Both investigate behaviour to try to create universal laws that apply to all human
behaviourist ap- beings. Biologists argue that this is possible because human beings share similar
proach. Compare physiologies, and behaviourists argue that this is possible because all behaviour
to the biological is the result of learning and stimulus-response associations. Therefore, the aim of
approach (simi- generating universal laws that apply to all humans is another similarity between
larity) the behaviourist and biological approaches.
10. Outline the key the behaviourist approach and biological approach are different in their position
features of the on the nature-nurture debate. Behaviourist views rest firmly on the nurture side
2/8
