COMM 131 FINAL EXAM
6 Propositions - Answer: 1.Argument should be cooperative disagreement
2.Arguments should be built with strong supportive evidence
3.Arguments from anger are acceptable, arguments from contempt are counter-productive
4.In the long run, sound argument will prevail
5.Argument is the basis of civic engagement
6.Humans primarily argue with informal questions of fact, value, and/or policy
Evidence - Answer: the available body of facts or information indicating whether a belief or
proposition is true or valid.
Typical 2020 Arguments - Answer: Attacking others with differing opinions, talking over each
other
Argument - Answer: A vehicle for creating social Truth
Parts of argument - Answer: Claim, reasoning , evidence
Enthymeme - Answer: an argument in which one premise is not explicitly stated
4 tools of argument - Answer: Debate- inquiry/advocacy
Persuasion/Rhetoric-Ethos, pathos, logos
Propoganda- Influence
Coercion- threat/force
Epistemology - Answer: study of knowledge production; knowledge is not neutral
, COMM 131 FINAL EXAM
Arguments in everyday life - Answer: is a hotdog a sandwhich, is cereal a soup
Steinberg/freely's definition of argument - Answer: "...reason giving in communicative situations
by people whose purpose is the justification of acts, beliefs, attitudes, and values"
Where is FORMAL LOGIC found - Answer: math, hard science, statistics, quantitative research,
philosophy
Types of Reasoning - Answer: Deductive: general to specific
Inductive: specific to general
Empirics - Answer: experience
Propositions/Resolutions - Answer: RESOLVED: To be firm [about a course of action].
Burdens for change/no change - Answer: Burden of Rejoinder: The obligation that opposing
parties have to respond to arguments in favor of change
Burden of proof:The "inherent obligation" to provide sufficient evidence and arguments to
overcome presumption
Presumption:The "inherent advantage" in opposing change
3 Branches of Government - Answer: Legislative, Executive, Judicial
Argument by Definition - Answer: "Operational" definition (coherent narrative) • "Connotative"
definition (key value terms) • "Epistemic" definition (worldview)
Purpose/Definition of Constitutional Ammendments - Answer: Key amendments show how
these struggles continue to play out
6 Propositions - Answer: 1.Argument should be cooperative disagreement
2.Arguments should be built with strong supportive evidence
3.Arguments from anger are acceptable, arguments from contempt are counter-productive
4.In the long run, sound argument will prevail
5.Argument is the basis of civic engagement
6.Humans primarily argue with informal questions of fact, value, and/or policy
Evidence - Answer: the available body of facts or information indicating whether a belief or
proposition is true or valid.
Typical 2020 Arguments - Answer: Attacking others with differing opinions, talking over each
other
Argument - Answer: A vehicle for creating social Truth
Parts of argument - Answer: Claim, reasoning , evidence
Enthymeme - Answer: an argument in which one premise is not explicitly stated
4 tools of argument - Answer: Debate- inquiry/advocacy
Persuasion/Rhetoric-Ethos, pathos, logos
Propoganda- Influence
Coercion- threat/force
Epistemology - Answer: study of knowledge production; knowledge is not neutral
, COMM 131 FINAL EXAM
Arguments in everyday life - Answer: is a hotdog a sandwhich, is cereal a soup
Steinberg/freely's definition of argument - Answer: "...reason giving in communicative situations
by people whose purpose is the justification of acts, beliefs, attitudes, and values"
Where is FORMAL LOGIC found - Answer: math, hard science, statistics, quantitative research,
philosophy
Types of Reasoning - Answer: Deductive: general to specific
Inductive: specific to general
Empirics - Answer: experience
Propositions/Resolutions - Answer: RESOLVED: To be firm [about a course of action].
Burdens for change/no change - Answer: Burden of Rejoinder: The obligation that opposing
parties have to respond to arguments in favor of change
Burden of proof:The "inherent obligation" to provide sufficient evidence and arguments to
overcome presumption
Presumption:The "inherent advantage" in opposing change
3 Branches of Government - Answer: Legislative, Executive, Judicial
Argument by Definition - Answer: "Operational" definition (coherent narrative) • "Connotative"
definition (key value terms) • "Epistemic" definition (worldview)
Purpose/Definition of Constitutional Ammendments - Answer: Key amendments show how
these struggles continue to play out
