PCCN 2025 Exam Questions With 100% Correct
Answers
Diabetes Insipidus (Sip) - ✔✔ANSWER ✔✔-antidiuretic hormone is not
secreted adequately, or the kidney is resistant to its effect
Diabetes insipidus labs - ✔✔ANSWER ✔✔-1. hypernatremia
2. elevated BUN/Cr
3. increased serum osmo >295
4. decreased urine osmo < 200
5. decreased urine specific gravity < 1.005
6. Decreased ADH
7. Polydipsia
diabetes insipidus treatment - ✔✔ANSWER ✔✔-Desmopressin
(vasopressin);
hydrochlorothiazide, hypotonic sol.
,syndrome of inappropriate (increased) ADH (SIADH) - ✔✔ANSWER ✔✔-
excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone producing water retention
in the body
SIADH Labs - ✔✔ANSWER ✔✔-Urine chemistry: Think CONCENTRATED.
● Increased urine sodium
●Increased urine osmolarity
●Increased Urine Specific Gravity > 1.030
● As urine volume decreases, urine osmolarity increases. (decreased
UOP)
Blood chemistry: Think DILUTE.
● Decreased serum sodium (dilutional hyponatremia)
● Decreased serum osmolarity (less than 270 mEq/L)
● As serum volume increases, serum osmolarity decreases.
- Increased ADH
SIADH Treatment - ✔✔ANSWER ✔✔-Fluid restriction, IV hypertonic
saline, Loop Diuretics, , na correction.
,Diabetes Ketoacidosis Pathophysiology - ✔✔ANSWER ✔✔-- Too much
glucose & too little insulin.
- Body compensates w/ osmotic diuresis
- Leads the the 3Ps (Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia) & glycourisa,
dehydration & electrolyte imbalance.
- Leads to fat burning metabolism - ketone release - kussmaul breathing
diabetes ketoacidosis s/s - ✔✔ANSWER ✔✔-Neuro: Lethargic,
confused, decreased DTR, n/v
Cardio: Tachycardia & Hypotension
Pulmonary: Fruity breath & kussmaul breathing
3Ps (Polyuria, polyphagia, polydipsia
diabetes ketoacidosis labs - ✔✔ANSWER ✔✔-PH (acidotic - Increased
ketones)
Urine Glucose
Blood Glucose 300 - 800
Decrease HCO3
Decrease Na
Elevated K
Increased Anion Gap
Diabetes Ketoacidosis Treatment - ✔✔ANSWER ✔✔--Hospitalization
, -Correction of fluid (isotonic sol/hypotonic) and electrolyte balances
-Administer insulin
Hyperosmolar - ✔✔ANSWER ✔✔-a life threatening syndrome that can
occur in the patient with diabetes type 2 who is able to produce
enough insulin to prevent DKA but not enough to prevent severe
hyperglycemia, osmotic diuresis, and extracellular fluid depletion.
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Syndrome (HHS) Labs - ✔✔ANSWER ✔✔-
- highest sugar over 600 - 2000
- higher fluid loss and extreme dehydration
(Increased Na, Decreased K, Mg, Phos).
- Neuro: head change level of consciousness, confusion neurological
manifestations
- no ketones , no acid, no fruity breath/ketones
- Increased Urine Glucose
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Syndrome (HHS) Treatment -
✔✔ANSWER ✔✔-- Isotonic/Hypotonic Sol
- Replenish electrolytes
Cardiac Blood Flow - ✔✔ANSWER ✔✔-1. Superior/Inferior Vena Cava
2. Right Atrium
Answers
Diabetes Insipidus (Sip) - ✔✔ANSWER ✔✔-antidiuretic hormone is not
secreted adequately, or the kidney is resistant to its effect
Diabetes insipidus labs - ✔✔ANSWER ✔✔-1. hypernatremia
2. elevated BUN/Cr
3. increased serum osmo >295
4. decreased urine osmo < 200
5. decreased urine specific gravity < 1.005
6. Decreased ADH
7. Polydipsia
diabetes insipidus treatment - ✔✔ANSWER ✔✔-Desmopressin
(vasopressin);
hydrochlorothiazide, hypotonic sol.
,syndrome of inappropriate (increased) ADH (SIADH) - ✔✔ANSWER ✔✔-
excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone producing water retention
in the body
SIADH Labs - ✔✔ANSWER ✔✔-Urine chemistry: Think CONCENTRATED.
● Increased urine sodium
●Increased urine osmolarity
●Increased Urine Specific Gravity > 1.030
● As urine volume decreases, urine osmolarity increases. (decreased
UOP)
Blood chemistry: Think DILUTE.
● Decreased serum sodium (dilutional hyponatremia)
● Decreased serum osmolarity (less than 270 mEq/L)
● As serum volume increases, serum osmolarity decreases.
- Increased ADH
SIADH Treatment - ✔✔ANSWER ✔✔-Fluid restriction, IV hypertonic
saline, Loop Diuretics, , na correction.
,Diabetes Ketoacidosis Pathophysiology - ✔✔ANSWER ✔✔-- Too much
glucose & too little insulin.
- Body compensates w/ osmotic diuresis
- Leads the the 3Ps (Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia) & glycourisa,
dehydration & electrolyte imbalance.
- Leads to fat burning metabolism - ketone release - kussmaul breathing
diabetes ketoacidosis s/s - ✔✔ANSWER ✔✔-Neuro: Lethargic,
confused, decreased DTR, n/v
Cardio: Tachycardia & Hypotension
Pulmonary: Fruity breath & kussmaul breathing
3Ps (Polyuria, polyphagia, polydipsia
diabetes ketoacidosis labs - ✔✔ANSWER ✔✔-PH (acidotic - Increased
ketones)
Urine Glucose
Blood Glucose 300 - 800
Decrease HCO3
Decrease Na
Elevated K
Increased Anion Gap
Diabetes Ketoacidosis Treatment - ✔✔ANSWER ✔✔--Hospitalization
, -Correction of fluid (isotonic sol/hypotonic) and electrolyte balances
-Administer insulin
Hyperosmolar - ✔✔ANSWER ✔✔-a life threatening syndrome that can
occur in the patient with diabetes type 2 who is able to produce
enough insulin to prevent DKA but not enough to prevent severe
hyperglycemia, osmotic diuresis, and extracellular fluid depletion.
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Syndrome (HHS) Labs - ✔✔ANSWER ✔✔-
- highest sugar over 600 - 2000
- higher fluid loss and extreme dehydration
(Increased Na, Decreased K, Mg, Phos).
- Neuro: head change level of consciousness, confusion neurological
manifestations
- no ketones , no acid, no fruity breath/ketones
- Increased Urine Glucose
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Syndrome (HHS) Treatment -
✔✔ANSWER ✔✔-- Isotonic/Hypotonic Sol
- Replenish electrolytes
Cardiac Blood Flow - ✔✔ANSWER ✔✔-1. Superior/Inferior Vena Cava
2. Right Atrium
