TESTBANK b
ACONCISEINTRODUCTION TO LOGIC 11TH EDITION
b b b b b b
Patrick J. Hurley
b b
,Chapter 1 Test A
b b b
MULTIPLE CHOICE b
INSTRUCTIONS: The following selections relate to distinguishing arguments from nonarguments and b b b b b b b b b b
identifying conclusions. Select the best answer for each.
b b b b b b b b
1. There appears to be a growing happiness gap between men and women. Women today are working
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
more and relaxing less, while men are working less and relaxing more. Forty years ago a typical
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
woman spent 40 minutes more per week than the typical man performing an activity considered
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
unpleasant. Today, with men working less, the gap is 90 minutes and growing.
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
a. Argument; conclusion: Today ... the gap is 90 minutes and growing. b b b b b b b b b b
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: Forty years ago ... an activity considered unpleasant. b b b b b b b b b
d. Argument; conclusion: There appears to be ... between men and women. b b b b b b b b b b
e. Argument; conclusion: Women today are working more and relaxing less. b b b b b b b b b
ANS: D b PTS: 2 b b
2. Lead is toxic, but do you know why? Lead is toxic mainly because it preferentially replaces other metals in
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
biochemical reactions. In so doing it interferes with the proteins that regulate blood pressure (which can
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
cause development delays in children and high blood pressure in adults), heme production (which can lead
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
to anemia), and sperm production. Lead also displaces calcium in the reactions that transmit electrical
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
impulses in the brain, which diminishes the ability to think and recall information.
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
Anne Marie Helmstine, "Your Guide to Chemistry" b b b b b b
a. Argument; conclusion: It interferes with the proteins ... and sperm production. b b b b b b b b b b
b. Argument; conclusion: Lead is toxic. b b b b
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; conclusion: It preferentially replaces other metals in biochemical reactions. b b b b b b b b b
e. Argument; conclusion: Lead also displaces calcium ... recall information. b b b b b b b b
ANS: C b PTS: 2 b b
3. Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself. He argued that it was virtuous to choose the
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
proper amount of emotion and/or action called for in a particular situation and that extremes of emotion
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
and action were vices. In all communities there are some men of practical wisdom who have the capacity
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
to judge wisely. Aristotle argued that they have the capacity to follow the "right rule" whatever the
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
situation.
b
David Cooper, Value Pluralism and Ethical Choice b b b b b b
a. Argument; conclusion: In all communities ... capacity to judge wisely. b b b b b b b b b
b. Argument; conclusion: Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself. b b b b b b b b b b
c. Argument; conclusion: They have the capacity to follow ... the situation. b b b b b b b b b b
d. Argument; conclusion: He argued that it was virtuous ... were vices b b b b b b b b b b
e. Nonargument.
ANS: E b PTS: 2 b b
4. Illegal immigrants pay local sales taxes, and many of them also pay state, local, and federal income tax and
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
Social Security tax. They also purchase items from local merchants, increasing the amount these
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
merchants pay in taxes. In addition, they work for low salaries, which increases the earnings of their
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
employers and the amount of taxes these employers pay. Thus, it is not correct to say that illegal
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
immigrants contribute nothing to the communities in which they live.
b b b b b b b b b b
a. Argument; conclusion: It is not correct to say ... communities in which they live. b b b b b b b b b b b b b
1
, b. Argument; conclusion: They work for low salaries ... these employers pay. b b b b b b b b b b
c. Argument; conclusion: Illegal immigrants pay ... Social Security tax. b b b b b b b b
d. Argument; conclusion: They also purchase items ... pay in taxes. b b b b b b b b b
e. Nonargument.
ANS: A b PTS: 2 b b
5. Numerous studies have indicated that women of color, black women in particular, are over-arrested,
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
over-indicted, and over-sentenced. African-American women are seven times more likely to be arrested
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
for prostitution than women of other ethnic groups. Black women have received significantly longer
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
sentences for crimes against property and served longer periods in prison. For both murder and drug
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
offenses, Euroamerican women ended up serving one-third less time for the same offenses than black
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
women.
b
Nancy Kurshan, "Women and Imprisonment in the U.S." b b b b b b b
a. Argument; conclusion: African-American women ... other ethnic groups. b b b b b b b
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: For both murder and drug offenses ... black women. b b b b b b b b b b
d. Argument; conclusion: Numerous studies have indicated ... over-sentenced. b b b b b b b
e. Argument; conclusion: Black women have received ... longer periods in prison. b b b b b b b b b b
ANS: B b PTS: 2 b b
6. It's even more important these days that your computer be protected by a firewall. There are criminal
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
elements lurking in the shadows of cyberspace who send out probes to detect unprotected PCs. Once a
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
vulnerable computer is found, these criminals install software that assists them in committing identity
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
theft and fencing stolen IDs. They also defraud online advertisers by using these zombie computers to visit
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
pay-per-click ads.
b b
a. Argument; conclusion: There are criminal elements ... to detect unprotected PCs. b b b b b b b b b b
b. Argument; conclusion: Once a vulnerable computer ... fencing stolen IDs. b b b b b b b b b
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; conclusion: They also defraud ... to visit pay-per-click ads. b b b b b b b b b
e. Argument; conclusion: It's even more important ... protected by a firewall. b b b b b b b b b b
ANS: E b PTS: 2 b b
7. The earth is of interest to astronomy for many reasons. Nearly all observations must be made through the
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
atmosphere, and the phenomena of the upper atmosphere and the magnetosphere reflect the state of
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
interplanetary space. The earth is also the most important object of comparison for planetologists.
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
Hannu Karttunen, et al., Fundamental Astronomy b b b b b
a. Argument; conclusion: The phenomena ... state of interplanetary space. b b b b b b b b
b. Argument; conclusion: The earth is also ... for planetologists. b b b b b b b b
c. Argument; conclusion: The earth is of interest to astronomy. b b b b b b b b
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; conclusion: Nearly all observations ... through the atmosphere. b b b b b b b b
ANS: C b PTS: 2 b b
8. If the trade in tiger products is banned, tiger reserves are guarded by well equipped staff, communities
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
abutting tiger habitat are given a stake in protecting tigers, and the makers of traditional medicines can be
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
persuaded that tiger parts are not needed, then tiger poaching will be halted, habitat and life sustaining
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
prey will be restored, and the immanent extinction of tigers in the wild will be averted.
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
a. Nonargument.
b. Argument; conclusion: The trade in tiger products is banned. b b b b b b b b
c. Argument; conclusion: Tiger poaching will be halted. b b b b b b
d. Argument; conclusion: The makers of traditional medicines ... not needed. b b b b b b b b b
2
, e. Argument; conclusion: Tiger poaching will be halted ... will be averted. b b b b b b b b b b
ANS: A b PTS: 2 b b
9. Humans are biological organisms. To understand our behavior and mental processes, we need to
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
understand their biological underpinnings, starting with the cellular level, the neuron. How we feel,
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
learn, remember, and think all stem from neuronal activity. So, how a neuron works and how neurons
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
communicate are crucial pieces of information in solving the puzzle of human behavior and mental
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
processing.
b
Richard Griggs, Psychology: A Concise Introduction b b b b b
a. Argument; conclusion: To understand our behavior ... the neuron. b b b b b b b b
b. Argument; conclusion: Humans are biological organisms. b b b b b
c. Argument; conclusion: How we feel ... neuronal activity. b b b b b b b
d. Argument; conclusion: How a neuron works ... mental processing. b b b b b b b b
e. Nonargument.
ANS: D b PTS: 2 b b
10. Viruses are acellular entities too small to be seen with a light microscope. They are composed of a nucleic
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
acid and a few proteins. Viruses replicate themselves and display other properties of living organisms
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
only when they have invaded living cells. Indeed, some viruses can be crystallized and stored in a
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
container on a shelf for years, but they retain the capacity to invade cells and cause disease.
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
Jacquelyn C. Black, Microbiology: Principles and Explorations b b b b b b
a. Argument; conclusion: They are composed of a nucleic acid and a few proteins. b b b b b b b b b b b b
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: Viruses are acellular entities ... microscope. b b b b b b b
d. Argument; conclusion: Indeed, some viruses can be crystallized ... cause disease. b b b b b b b b b b
e. Argument; conclusion: Viruses replicate themselves ... invaded living cells. b b b b b b b b
ANS: B b PTS: 2 b b
11. Harnessing the clean, abundant energy of the sun and wind is critical to solving the global warming
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
problem. Technological advances have brought the cost of electricity generated by the wind down by 82
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
percent since 1981. Solar energy technology has made remarkable progress as new photovoltaic cells
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
have been developed to convert even greater amounts of sunlight directly into electricity. Today the costs
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
of wind and solar power are becoming competitive with dirty coal-fired plants.
b b b b b b b b b b b b
Sierra Club, "Global Warming Solutions" b b b b
a. Argument; conclusion: Today the costs of wind ... dirty coal-fired plants. b b b b b b b b b b
b. Argument; conclusion: Technological advances ... by 82 percent since 1981. b b b b b b b b b
c. Argument; conclusion: Harnessing the clean ... the global warming problem. b b b b b b b b b
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; conclusion: Solar energy technology ... directly into electricity. b b b b b b b b
ANS: D b PTS: 2 b b
12. It is likely that innocent prisoners in this country have been executed for crimes they did not commit. From
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
1973 until 2007, 124 death row inmates have been exonerated. In many of these cases DNA evidence
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
played a crucial role. Yet, in that same time frame, more than 1000 prisoners were executed. For many of
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
these prisoners no DNA evidence was available. If such evidence had been available, how may more would
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
have been exonerated?
b b b
a. Argument; conclusion: In many of these cases ... played a crucial role. b b b b b b b b b b b
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: From 1973 ... have been exonerated. b b b b b b b
d. Argument; conclusion: For many of these prisoners ... was available. b b b b b b b b b
e. Argument; conclusion: It is likely that innocent prisoners ... they did not commit. b b b b b b b b b b b b
3
ACONCISEINTRODUCTION TO LOGIC 11TH EDITION
b b b b b b
Patrick J. Hurley
b b
,Chapter 1 Test A
b b b
MULTIPLE CHOICE b
INSTRUCTIONS: The following selections relate to distinguishing arguments from nonarguments and b b b b b b b b b b
identifying conclusions. Select the best answer for each.
b b b b b b b b
1. There appears to be a growing happiness gap between men and women. Women today are working
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
more and relaxing less, while men are working less and relaxing more. Forty years ago a typical
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
woman spent 40 minutes more per week than the typical man performing an activity considered
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
unpleasant. Today, with men working less, the gap is 90 minutes and growing.
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
a. Argument; conclusion: Today ... the gap is 90 minutes and growing. b b b b b b b b b b
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: Forty years ago ... an activity considered unpleasant. b b b b b b b b b
d. Argument; conclusion: There appears to be ... between men and women. b b b b b b b b b b
e. Argument; conclusion: Women today are working more and relaxing less. b b b b b b b b b
ANS: D b PTS: 2 b b
2. Lead is toxic, but do you know why? Lead is toxic mainly because it preferentially replaces other metals in
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
biochemical reactions. In so doing it interferes with the proteins that regulate blood pressure (which can
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
cause development delays in children and high blood pressure in adults), heme production (which can lead
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
to anemia), and sperm production. Lead also displaces calcium in the reactions that transmit electrical
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
impulses in the brain, which diminishes the ability to think and recall information.
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
Anne Marie Helmstine, "Your Guide to Chemistry" b b b b b b
a. Argument; conclusion: It interferes with the proteins ... and sperm production. b b b b b b b b b b
b. Argument; conclusion: Lead is toxic. b b b b
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; conclusion: It preferentially replaces other metals in biochemical reactions. b b b b b b b b b
e. Argument; conclusion: Lead also displaces calcium ... recall information. b b b b b b b b
ANS: C b PTS: 2 b b
3. Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself. He argued that it was virtuous to choose the
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
proper amount of emotion and/or action called for in a particular situation and that extremes of emotion
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
and action were vices. In all communities there are some men of practical wisdom who have the capacity
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
to judge wisely. Aristotle argued that they have the capacity to follow the "right rule" whatever the
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
situation.
b
David Cooper, Value Pluralism and Ethical Choice b b b b b b
a. Argument; conclusion: In all communities ... capacity to judge wisely. b b b b b b b b b
b. Argument; conclusion: Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself. b b b b b b b b b b
c. Argument; conclusion: They have the capacity to follow ... the situation. b b b b b b b b b b
d. Argument; conclusion: He argued that it was virtuous ... were vices b b b b b b b b b b
e. Nonargument.
ANS: E b PTS: 2 b b
4. Illegal immigrants pay local sales taxes, and many of them also pay state, local, and federal income tax and
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
Social Security tax. They also purchase items from local merchants, increasing the amount these
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
merchants pay in taxes. In addition, they work for low salaries, which increases the earnings of their
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
employers and the amount of taxes these employers pay. Thus, it is not correct to say that illegal
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
immigrants contribute nothing to the communities in which they live.
b b b b b b b b b b
a. Argument; conclusion: It is not correct to say ... communities in which they live. b b b b b b b b b b b b b
1
, b. Argument; conclusion: They work for low salaries ... these employers pay. b b b b b b b b b b
c. Argument; conclusion: Illegal immigrants pay ... Social Security tax. b b b b b b b b
d. Argument; conclusion: They also purchase items ... pay in taxes. b b b b b b b b b
e. Nonargument.
ANS: A b PTS: 2 b b
5. Numerous studies have indicated that women of color, black women in particular, are over-arrested,
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
over-indicted, and over-sentenced. African-American women are seven times more likely to be arrested
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
for prostitution than women of other ethnic groups. Black women have received significantly longer
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
sentences for crimes against property and served longer periods in prison. For both murder and drug
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
offenses, Euroamerican women ended up serving one-third less time for the same offenses than black
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
women.
b
Nancy Kurshan, "Women and Imprisonment in the U.S." b b b b b b b
a. Argument; conclusion: African-American women ... other ethnic groups. b b b b b b b
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: For both murder and drug offenses ... black women. b b b b b b b b b b
d. Argument; conclusion: Numerous studies have indicated ... over-sentenced. b b b b b b b
e. Argument; conclusion: Black women have received ... longer periods in prison. b b b b b b b b b b
ANS: B b PTS: 2 b b
6. It's even more important these days that your computer be protected by a firewall. There are criminal
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
elements lurking in the shadows of cyberspace who send out probes to detect unprotected PCs. Once a
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
vulnerable computer is found, these criminals install software that assists them in committing identity
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
theft and fencing stolen IDs. They also defraud online advertisers by using these zombie computers to visit
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
pay-per-click ads.
b b
a. Argument; conclusion: There are criminal elements ... to detect unprotected PCs. b b b b b b b b b b
b. Argument; conclusion: Once a vulnerable computer ... fencing stolen IDs. b b b b b b b b b
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; conclusion: They also defraud ... to visit pay-per-click ads. b b b b b b b b b
e. Argument; conclusion: It's even more important ... protected by a firewall. b b b b b b b b b b
ANS: E b PTS: 2 b b
7. The earth is of interest to astronomy for many reasons. Nearly all observations must be made through the
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
atmosphere, and the phenomena of the upper atmosphere and the magnetosphere reflect the state of
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
interplanetary space. The earth is also the most important object of comparison for planetologists.
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
Hannu Karttunen, et al., Fundamental Astronomy b b b b b
a. Argument; conclusion: The phenomena ... state of interplanetary space. b b b b b b b b
b. Argument; conclusion: The earth is also ... for planetologists. b b b b b b b b
c. Argument; conclusion: The earth is of interest to astronomy. b b b b b b b b
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; conclusion: Nearly all observations ... through the atmosphere. b b b b b b b b
ANS: C b PTS: 2 b b
8. If the trade in tiger products is banned, tiger reserves are guarded by well equipped staff, communities
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
abutting tiger habitat are given a stake in protecting tigers, and the makers of traditional medicines can be
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
persuaded that tiger parts are not needed, then tiger poaching will be halted, habitat and life sustaining
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
prey will be restored, and the immanent extinction of tigers in the wild will be averted.
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
a. Nonargument.
b. Argument; conclusion: The trade in tiger products is banned. b b b b b b b b
c. Argument; conclusion: Tiger poaching will be halted. b b b b b b
d. Argument; conclusion: The makers of traditional medicines ... not needed. b b b b b b b b b
2
, e. Argument; conclusion: Tiger poaching will be halted ... will be averted. b b b b b b b b b b
ANS: A b PTS: 2 b b
9. Humans are biological organisms. To understand our behavior and mental processes, we need to
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
understand their biological underpinnings, starting with the cellular level, the neuron. How we feel,
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
learn, remember, and think all stem from neuronal activity. So, how a neuron works and how neurons
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
communicate are crucial pieces of information in solving the puzzle of human behavior and mental
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
processing.
b
Richard Griggs, Psychology: A Concise Introduction b b b b b
a. Argument; conclusion: To understand our behavior ... the neuron. b b b b b b b b
b. Argument; conclusion: Humans are biological organisms. b b b b b
c. Argument; conclusion: How we feel ... neuronal activity. b b b b b b b
d. Argument; conclusion: How a neuron works ... mental processing. b b b b b b b b
e. Nonargument.
ANS: D b PTS: 2 b b
10. Viruses are acellular entities too small to be seen with a light microscope. They are composed of a nucleic
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
acid and a few proteins. Viruses replicate themselves and display other properties of living organisms
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
only when they have invaded living cells. Indeed, some viruses can be crystallized and stored in a
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
container on a shelf for years, but they retain the capacity to invade cells and cause disease.
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
Jacquelyn C. Black, Microbiology: Principles and Explorations b b b b b b
a. Argument; conclusion: They are composed of a nucleic acid and a few proteins. b b b b b b b b b b b b
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: Viruses are acellular entities ... microscope. b b b b b b b
d. Argument; conclusion: Indeed, some viruses can be crystallized ... cause disease. b b b b b b b b b b
e. Argument; conclusion: Viruses replicate themselves ... invaded living cells. b b b b b b b b
ANS: B b PTS: 2 b b
11. Harnessing the clean, abundant energy of the sun and wind is critical to solving the global warming
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
problem. Technological advances have brought the cost of electricity generated by the wind down by 82
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
percent since 1981. Solar energy technology has made remarkable progress as new photovoltaic cells
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
have been developed to convert even greater amounts of sunlight directly into electricity. Today the costs
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
of wind and solar power are becoming competitive with dirty coal-fired plants.
b b b b b b b b b b b b
Sierra Club, "Global Warming Solutions" b b b b
a. Argument; conclusion: Today the costs of wind ... dirty coal-fired plants. b b b b b b b b b b
b. Argument; conclusion: Technological advances ... by 82 percent since 1981. b b b b b b b b b
c. Argument; conclusion: Harnessing the clean ... the global warming problem. b b b b b b b b b
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; conclusion: Solar energy technology ... directly into electricity. b b b b b b b b
ANS: D b PTS: 2 b b
12. It is likely that innocent prisoners in this country have been executed for crimes they did not commit. From
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
1973 until 2007, 124 death row inmates have been exonerated. In many of these cases DNA evidence
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
played a crucial role. Yet, in that same time frame, more than 1000 prisoners were executed. For many of
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
these prisoners no DNA evidence was available. If such evidence had been available, how may more would
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
have been exonerated?
b b b
a. Argument; conclusion: In many of these cases ... played a crucial role. b b b b b b b b b b b
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: From 1973 ... have been exonerated. b b b b b b b
d. Argument; conclusion: For many of these prisoners ... was available. b b b b b b b b b
e. Argument; conclusion: It is likely that innocent prisoners ... they did not commit. b b b b b b b b b b b b
3
