Pathophysiology NSG120 – Cellular Structure, Function, and Immune
Response Overview (Lecture Notes and Study Guide)
What is pathophysiology? - correct answer study of the mechanisms and processes of
underlying disease
which of the following is an example of nonspecific immune response
a)tcells
b)fever
c)memory cells
d)bcells
e)antibodies - correct answer b) fever
eukaryotic cells consist of what 3 components - correct answer 1) outer membrane called the
plasma membrane
2) fluid filling called cytoplasm
3) "organs" of the cell- the membrane bound intracellular organelles, among them the nucleus
cells have the ability to - correct answer originate
transmit
receive
interpret
and use of information to maintain cellular function and specialization
what are living cells divided into - correct answer eukaryotes and prokaryotes
eukaryotes - correct answer - contains genomes that are more complex
- having characteristic set of membrane-bound intracellular components called organelles that
include a well-defined nucleus
- have several chromosomes, the number of which depends on the species.
- larger in size
Prokaryotes - correct answer - contains no organelles and their nuclear material is not encased
by a nuclear membrane
,- abundance of data related to the genomes
- nuclei carry genetic information in a single chromosome and lack a class of proteins called
histones
genomes - correct answer set of genes carried on molecules of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
how do cells become specialized and preform specific functions - correct answer through the
process of maturation and differentiation
differentiation - correct answer a process in development in which unspecialized cells or tissues
are systemically modefied and altered to achieve specific and characteristic physical forms,
psychological functions, and chemical properties
8 chief functions of cellular properties are: - correct answer - movement
- conductivity
- metabolic absorption
- secretion
- excretion
- respiration
- reproduction
- communication
nuclear envelope - correct answer a double membrane that surrounds the nucleous of
eukaryotic cells
nucleous - correct answer a small dense structure composed of DNA,RNA, and ribsomal
proteins
what are the primary functions of the nucleous - correct answer - cell division
- control of genetic information
- replication and repair of DNA
- transcription of the information stored in DNA into RNA
cytoplasm - correct answer and aquaeus solution (cytosol) that fills the cytoplasmic matrix - the
space between the nuclear envelope and the plasma membrane
What are the 4 major categories of the functions of organelles? - correct answer 1) genetic
control
2) manufacturing, distributing, and breaking down molecules
,3) energy processing
4) structural support, movement, and communication between cells
functions performed by the plasma membrane - correct answer - allow or exclude various
molecules because of selective transport systems, which can move molecules in or out of the
space
- Influence metabolic pathways by controlling the movement of substances from one
compartment to another
- Directional transport is facilitated by polarized domains, distinct apical and basolateral
domains
- plays an important role in cell-to-cell recognition, cellular mobility and maintenance of cellular
shape
what are the main components of a cell membrane? - correct answer lipids and proteins
cell membrane - correct answer a lipid bilayer, composed of 2 opposing leaflets and protiens
that span the bilayer or interact with the lipids on either side of the 2 leaflets
plasma membrane - correct answer a complex structure where lipids and proteins are not
uniformly distributed
What is mainly associated with plasma membranes, in which they are chemically combined
with lipids forming glucolipids and with proteins forming glycoproteins? - correct answer
carbohydrates
the outer surface of the plasma membranes can: - correct answer - serve as a storage site for
many receptors
- provides a route for transport into the cell
- acts as an initiator for relaying signals from several extracellular chemical messengers into the
cells interior
differentiation, or maturation - correct answer cells become specialized and perform specific
functions
Cells with a highly developed function, such as movement, often lack.. - correct answer some
other property, such as hormone production, which is more highly developed in other cells.
The eight chief cellular functions - correct answer movement, conductivity, metabolic
absorption, secretion, excretion, respiration, reproduction, communication
Movement - correct answer Muscle cells can generate forces that produce motion.
Muscles attached to bones produce limb movements.
, Muscles enclosing hollow tubes or cavities move or empty contents when they contract (e.g.,
the colon).
Conductivity - correct answer Conduction is the chief function of nerve cells (e.g., the brain or
heart).
Conduction as a response to a stimulus is manifested by a wave of excitation, an electrical
potential that passes along the surface of the cell to reach its other parts.
Metabolic absorption - correct answer All cells can take in and use nutrients and other
substances from their surroundings (e.g., cells of the intestines or kidneys).
Secretion - correct answer Cells, like mucous gland cells, can synthesize new substances from
substances they absorb and then secrete the new substances to serve elsewhere as needed.
Excretion - correct answer All cells can rid themselves of waste products resulting from the
metabolic breakdown of nutrients.
Membrane-bound sacs (lysosomes) within cells contain enzymes that break down, or digest,
large molecules, turning them into waste products that are released from the cell (e.g., urine).
Respiration - correct answer Cells absorb oxygen, which is used to transform nutrients into
energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins can be
used as fuels.
Cellular respiration, or oxidation, occurs in organelles called mitochondria.
Reproduction - correct answer Tissue growth occurs as cells enlarge and reproduce themselves
(mitosis).
Even without growth, tissue maintenance requires that new cells be produced to replace cells
that are lost normally through cellular death, or apoptosis.
Not all cells are capable of continuous division, such as in meiosis.
Communication - correct answer Vital for cells to survive as a society of cells.
Appropriate communication allows maintenance of a dynamic steady state.
Living cells are divided into - correct answer eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Eukaryotes (eu = true; karyon = nucleus; also spelled "eucaryotes") - correct answer are larger
and have more extensive intracellular anatomy and organization than prokaryotes.
How do eukaryotes and prokaryotes differ? - correct answer Along with structural differences,
these cells differ in chemical composition and biochemical activity.
Response Overview (Lecture Notes and Study Guide)
What is pathophysiology? - correct answer study of the mechanisms and processes of
underlying disease
which of the following is an example of nonspecific immune response
a)tcells
b)fever
c)memory cells
d)bcells
e)antibodies - correct answer b) fever
eukaryotic cells consist of what 3 components - correct answer 1) outer membrane called the
plasma membrane
2) fluid filling called cytoplasm
3) "organs" of the cell- the membrane bound intracellular organelles, among them the nucleus
cells have the ability to - correct answer originate
transmit
receive
interpret
and use of information to maintain cellular function and specialization
what are living cells divided into - correct answer eukaryotes and prokaryotes
eukaryotes - correct answer - contains genomes that are more complex
- having characteristic set of membrane-bound intracellular components called organelles that
include a well-defined nucleus
- have several chromosomes, the number of which depends on the species.
- larger in size
Prokaryotes - correct answer - contains no organelles and their nuclear material is not encased
by a nuclear membrane
,- abundance of data related to the genomes
- nuclei carry genetic information in a single chromosome and lack a class of proteins called
histones
genomes - correct answer set of genes carried on molecules of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
how do cells become specialized and preform specific functions - correct answer through the
process of maturation and differentiation
differentiation - correct answer a process in development in which unspecialized cells or tissues
are systemically modefied and altered to achieve specific and characteristic physical forms,
psychological functions, and chemical properties
8 chief functions of cellular properties are: - correct answer - movement
- conductivity
- metabolic absorption
- secretion
- excretion
- respiration
- reproduction
- communication
nuclear envelope - correct answer a double membrane that surrounds the nucleous of
eukaryotic cells
nucleous - correct answer a small dense structure composed of DNA,RNA, and ribsomal
proteins
what are the primary functions of the nucleous - correct answer - cell division
- control of genetic information
- replication and repair of DNA
- transcription of the information stored in DNA into RNA
cytoplasm - correct answer and aquaeus solution (cytosol) that fills the cytoplasmic matrix - the
space between the nuclear envelope and the plasma membrane
What are the 4 major categories of the functions of organelles? - correct answer 1) genetic
control
2) manufacturing, distributing, and breaking down molecules
,3) energy processing
4) structural support, movement, and communication between cells
functions performed by the plasma membrane - correct answer - allow or exclude various
molecules because of selective transport systems, which can move molecules in or out of the
space
- Influence metabolic pathways by controlling the movement of substances from one
compartment to another
- Directional transport is facilitated by polarized domains, distinct apical and basolateral
domains
- plays an important role in cell-to-cell recognition, cellular mobility and maintenance of cellular
shape
what are the main components of a cell membrane? - correct answer lipids and proteins
cell membrane - correct answer a lipid bilayer, composed of 2 opposing leaflets and protiens
that span the bilayer or interact with the lipids on either side of the 2 leaflets
plasma membrane - correct answer a complex structure where lipids and proteins are not
uniformly distributed
What is mainly associated with plasma membranes, in which they are chemically combined
with lipids forming glucolipids and with proteins forming glycoproteins? - correct answer
carbohydrates
the outer surface of the plasma membranes can: - correct answer - serve as a storage site for
many receptors
- provides a route for transport into the cell
- acts as an initiator for relaying signals from several extracellular chemical messengers into the
cells interior
differentiation, or maturation - correct answer cells become specialized and perform specific
functions
Cells with a highly developed function, such as movement, often lack.. - correct answer some
other property, such as hormone production, which is more highly developed in other cells.
The eight chief cellular functions - correct answer movement, conductivity, metabolic
absorption, secretion, excretion, respiration, reproduction, communication
Movement - correct answer Muscle cells can generate forces that produce motion.
Muscles attached to bones produce limb movements.
, Muscles enclosing hollow tubes or cavities move or empty contents when they contract (e.g.,
the colon).
Conductivity - correct answer Conduction is the chief function of nerve cells (e.g., the brain or
heart).
Conduction as a response to a stimulus is manifested by a wave of excitation, an electrical
potential that passes along the surface of the cell to reach its other parts.
Metabolic absorption - correct answer All cells can take in and use nutrients and other
substances from their surroundings (e.g., cells of the intestines or kidneys).
Secretion - correct answer Cells, like mucous gland cells, can synthesize new substances from
substances they absorb and then secrete the new substances to serve elsewhere as needed.
Excretion - correct answer All cells can rid themselves of waste products resulting from the
metabolic breakdown of nutrients.
Membrane-bound sacs (lysosomes) within cells contain enzymes that break down, or digest,
large molecules, turning them into waste products that are released from the cell (e.g., urine).
Respiration - correct answer Cells absorb oxygen, which is used to transform nutrients into
energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins can be
used as fuels.
Cellular respiration, or oxidation, occurs in organelles called mitochondria.
Reproduction - correct answer Tissue growth occurs as cells enlarge and reproduce themselves
(mitosis).
Even without growth, tissue maintenance requires that new cells be produced to replace cells
that are lost normally through cellular death, or apoptosis.
Not all cells are capable of continuous division, such as in meiosis.
Communication - correct answer Vital for cells to survive as a society of cells.
Appropriate communication allows maintenance of a dynamic steady state.
Living cells are divided into - correct answer eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Eukaryotes (eu = true; karyon = nucleus; also spelled "eucaryotes") - correct answer are larger
and have more extensive intracellular anatomy and organization than prokaryotes.
How do eukaryotes and prokaryotes differ? - correct answer Along with structural differences,
these cells differ in chemical composition and biochemical activity.
