WGU C785 Biochemistry OA ACTUAL
EXAM PREP QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS || 100% GUARANTEED PASS
<RECENT VERSION>
What is the basic structure of an amino acid? What do they look like? - ANSWER
✅amino group (NH2 or NH3), carboxyl group (COO or COOH), alpha carbon
(C), and variable group
How do you identify the 3 different types of side chains: non-polar/hydrophobic,
polar, and charged? - ANSWER ✅Non-polar/hydrophobic - end with CH or "can't
have" water. Polar - end with OH, SH, or NH. Charged - end with a charge
what kinds of bonds do each of the 3 different types of side chains make? -
ANSWER ✅ionic, hydrophobic/non-polar, charged
What are the 4 levels of protein structure? - ANSWER ✅Primary - linear
structure, Secondary - Folded into helix or pleated sheet caused by hydrogen
bonding, tertiary - 3D structure caused by side chain interactions, quaternary - 1+
amino acid chains combine = multiple subunits MUST have 1+ subunit
What enviormental change breaks each type of bond? - ANSWER ✅hydrophobic
- temperature change, ionic - salt or decreased pH, hydrogen - temperature, change
in pH, disulfide - reducing agents
what type of amino acid side chain leads to protein aggregration? - ANSWER
✅hydrophobic bonds
, how do environmental changes affect protein folding? - ANSWER ✅Extreme
temp can cause hydrogen bonds to break apart = malformation of protein folding
how do mutations affect protein structure? - ANSWER ✅Can cause structure to
change. Protein loses form = loses function. May form a different protein.
What is an electron? - ANSWER ✅Negatively charged atom on outer ring for
bonding
What is energy: - ANSWER ✅Power derived fro chemical interaction
what are covalent bonds? - ANSWER ✅chemical bond, atoms share 1+ valence
electrons
what is an ionic bond? - ANSWER ✅bond between positive and negative
what is a hydrogen bond? - ANSWER ✅weak bond between positive and
negative
what happens to the products of beta oxidation after they are produced? -
ANSWER ✅enter ETC for further ATP production
how and why are ketone bodies produced? - ANSWER ✅produced by breaking
down fatty acids in liver cell's mitochondria; produced when body has decreased
carbs or increased fatty acids for energy needs. Ketones make 22 ATP each.
**alternative energy form** ***Seen with Type 1 DM, starvation, alcoholism***
what is the molecule use for fatty acid synthesis? - ANSWER ✅acetyl-COA
how is acetyl-COA exported from the mitochondria to the cytosol? - ANSWER
✅must pair with oxaloacetate to make citrate, cross into cystol, break apart to
become acetylCOA again
what is the comitted step of fatty acid synthesis? - ANSWER ✅formation of
malonyl COA by acteyl COA carboxylase **needs citrate and CO2**
,which fatty acid metabolism pathways are controlled by insulin? - ANSWER
✅Insulin encourages lipogensis
which fatty acid metabolism pathways are controlled by glucagon? - ANSWER
✅glucagon encourages lipolysis
what are the components of the plasma membrane? - ANSWER ✅phospholipids
how do cells maintain fluidity of the plasma membrane when moved to colder or
warmer temperatures? - ANSWER ✅ratio of saturated/unsaturated fatty acids
acting as buffer
what does it mean for a nutrient to be essential? - ANSWER ✅must come from
the diet
what are the 3 pathways of anerobic metabolism? - ANSWER ✅glycolysis,
fermentation, gluconeogensis
where in the cell does each pathway take place? - ANSWER ✅Glycolysis -
cytoplasm, Fermentation - cytoplasm, Gluconeogensis - liver
what are the products of each anaerobic pathway? - ANSWER ✅glycolysis - 2
ATP, 2 NADH, 2 H; fermentation - 2 lactate, 2 NAD; gluconeogensis - 1 glucose
whatis the role of fermentation in regards to NAD/NADH? - ANSWER
✅fermentation utilized by cells to regenerate NAD
what are at least 3 different molecules that can be used as substrates of
gluconeogensis? - ANSWER ✅lactate, acteyl COA, glycerol, aminoacids
how much atp is used in gluconeogensis? - ANSWER ✅6 ATP is used
what is the net outcome of atp in the cori cycle? - ANSWER ✅Net loss of 4 ATP
how does glucagon help increase blood glucose? - ANSWER ✅glucagon
promotes release of glucose from energy stores such as liver's glycogen
, what are the 3 pathways of aerobic metabolism? - ANSWER ✅glycolysis, citric
acid cycle, electron transport chain + oxidative phosphorylation
where in the cell do the aerobic pathways take place? - ANSWER ✅glycolysis -
cytoplasm, citric acid cyle - mitochondrial matix, oxidative phosphorylation/ETC -
mitochondrinal inner membrane
what molecules are the "ins" of each aerobic pathway? - ANSWER ✅Glycolysis -
glucose, 2 ATP, 2 NAD, 4 ADP. CAC - acetylCOA, NAD, FADh, H+. ETC -
NADH, FADH2
what molecules are the products of the aerobic pathways? - ANSWER
✅glycolysis - 2 pyruvate, 4 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 ADP; CAC - NADH, CO2, FADH2,
ATP; ETC - NAD, FAD, ATP
how do the products of the aerobic pathways become substrates for the next
pathways? - ANSWER ✅pyruvate from glycolysis turn into AcetylCOA during
pyruvate oxidation. Acetyle COA enters CAC producing "carrier" NADH and
FADH2 that enter the ETC
how is atp generated in glycolysis? - ANSWER ✅breaks on 6 carbon glucose into
2 3-carbon pyruvates and produces net total of 2 new ATP
how is ATP generated in the ETC? - ANSWER ✅uses energy from the electrons
to pump protons and create proton gradient - the energy source for ATP synthase
to make ATP
how many ATP are generated in each aerobic pathway? - ANSWER ✅glycolysis
- 2 ATP, CAC - 2 ATP, ETC - 26 to 28 ATP
What are the fat soluble vitamins? - ANSWER ✅A, D, E, K
what are the two essential fatty acids and how do we recognize that a fatty acid is
essential? - ANSWER ✅omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids. by looking to see where
the double carbon is.
EXAM PREP QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS || 100% GUARANTEED PASS
<RECENT VERSION>
What is the basic structure of an amino acid? What do they look like? - ANSWER
✅amino group (NH2 or NH3), carboxyl group (COO or COOH), alpha carbon
(C), and variable group
How do you identify the 3 different types of side chains: non-polar/hydrophobic,
polar, and charged? - ANSWER ✅Non-polar/hydrophobic - end with CH or "can't
have" water. Polar - end with OH, SH, or NH. Charged - end with a charge
what kinds of bonds do each of the 3 different types of side chains make? -
ANSWER ✅ionic, hydrophobic/non-polar, charged
What are the 4 levels of protein structure? - ANSWER ✅Primary - linear
structure, Secondary - Folded into helix or pleated sheet caused by hydrogen
bonding, tertiary - 3D structure caused by side chain interactions, quaternary - 1+
amino acid chains combine = multiple subunits MUST have 1+ subunit
What enviormental change breaks each type of bond? - ANSWER ✅hydrophobic
- temperature change, ionic - salt or decreased pH, hydrogen - temperature, change
in pH, disulfide - reducing agents
what type of amino acid side chain leads to protein aggregration? - ANSWER
✅hydrophobic bonds
, how do environmental changes affect protein folding? - ANSWER ✅Extreme
temp can cause hydrogen bonds to break apart = malformation of protein folding
how do mutations affect protein structure? - ANSWER ✅Can cause structure to
change. Protein loses form = loses function. May form a different protein.
What is an electron? - ANSWER ✅Negatively charged atom on outer ring for
bonding
What is energy: - ANSWER ✅Power derived fro chemical interaction
what are covalent bonds? - ANSWER ✅chemical bond, atoms share 1+ valence
electrons
what is an ionic bond? - ANSWER ✅bond between positive and negative
what is a hydrogen bond? - ANSWER ✅weak bond between positive and
negative
what happens to the products of beta oxidation after they are produced? -
ANSWER ✅enter ETC for further ATP production
how and why are ketone bodies produced? - ANSWER ✅produced by breaking
down fatty acids in liver cell's mitochondria; produced when body has decreased
carbs or increased fatty acids for energy needs. Ketones make 22 ATP each.
**alternative energy form** ***Seen with Type 1 DM, starvation, alcoholism***
what is the molecule use for fatty acid synthesis? - ANSWER ✅acetyl-COA
how is acetyl-COA exported from the mitochondria to the cytosol? - ANSWER
✅must pair with oxaloacetate to make citrate, cross into cystol, break apart to
become acetylCOA again
what is the comitted step of fatty acid synthesis? - ANSWER ✅formation of
malonyl COA by acteyl COA carboxylase **needs citrate and CO2**
,which fatty acid metabolism pathways are controlled by insulin? - ANSWER
✅Insulin encourages lipogensis
which fatty acid metabolism pathways are controlled by glucagon? - ANSWER
✅glucagon encourages lipolysis
what are the components of the plasma membrane? - ANSWER ✅phospholipids
how do cells maintain fluidity of the plasma membrane when moved to colder or
warmer temperatures? - ANSWER ✅ratio of saturated/unsaturated fatty acids
acting as buffer
what does it mean for a nutrient to be essential? - ANSWER ✅must come from
the diet
what are the 3 pathways of anerobic metabolism? - ANSWER ✅glycolysis,
fermentation, gluconeogensis
where in the cell does each pathway take place? - ANSWER ✅Glycolysis -
cytoplasm, Fermentation - cytoplasm, Gluconeogensis - liver
what are the products of each anaerobic pathway? - ANSWER ✅glycolysis - 2
ATP, 2 NADH, 2 H; fermentation - 2 lactate, 2 NAD; gluconeogensis - 1 glucose
whatis the role of fermentation in regards to NAD/NADH? - ANSWER
✅fermentation utilized by cells to regenerate NAD
what are at least 3 different molecules that can be used as substrates of
gluconeogensis? - ANSWER ✅lactate, acteyl COA, glycerol, aminoacids
how much atp is used in gluconeogensis? - ANSWER ✅6 ATP is used
what is the net outcome of atp in the cori cycle? - ANSWER ✅Net loss of 4 ATP
how does glucagon help increase blood glucose? - ANSWER ✅glucagon
promotes release of glucose from energy stores such as liver's glycogen
, what are the 3 pathways of aerobic metabolism? - ANSWER ✅glycolysis, citric
acid cycle, electron transport chain + oxidative phosphorylation
where in the cell do the aerobic pathways take place? - ANSWER ✅glycolysis -
cytoplasm, citric acid cyle - mitochondrial matix, oxidative phosphorylation/ETC -
mitochondrinal inner membrane
what molecules are the "ins" of each aerobic pathway? - ANSWER ✅Glycolysis -
glucose, 2 ATP, 2 NAD, 4 ADP. CAC - acetylCOA, NAD, FADh, H+. ETC -
NADH, FADH2
what molecules are the products of the aerobic pathways? - ANSWER
✅glycolysis - 2 pyruvate, 4 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 ADP; CAC - NADH, CO2, FADH2,
ATP; ETC - NAD, FAD, ATP
how do the products of the aerobic pathways become substrates for the next
pathways? - ANSWER ✅pyruvate from glycolysis turn into AcetylCOA during
pyruvate oxidation. Acetyle COA enters CAC producing "carrier" NADH and
FADH2 that enter the ETC
how is atp generated in glycolysis? - ANSWER ✅breaks on 6 carbon glucose into
2 3-carbon pyruvates and produces net total of 2 new ATP
how is ATP generated in the ETC? - ANSWER ✅uses energy from the electrons
to pump protons and create proton gradient - the energy source for ATP synthase
to make ATP
how many ATP are generated in each aerobic pathway? - ANSWER ✅glycolysis
- 2 ATP, CAC - 2 ATP, ETC - 26 to 28 ATP
What are the fat soluble vitamins? - ANSWER ✅A, D, E, K
what are the two essential fatty acids and how do we recognize that a fatty acid is
essential? - ANSWER ✅omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids. by looking to see where
the double carbon is.
