Finall Exam:l NRl 571/l NR571l (Latestl
2026/l 2027l Update)l Complexl Diagnosisl &l
Managementl inl Acutel Carel Practicuml
Guide|l Q/Al |l Gradel A|l 100%l Correctl
(Verifiedl Answers)l -Chamberlain
Q:l fluidl thrill
Answer:
al sensationl feltl duringl anl abdominall examinationl whenl tappingl onel sidel ofl thel
abdomen,l resultingl inl al transmittedl vibrationl onl thel otherl side.l Thisl sensationl isl
indicativel ofl freel fluid,l likel inl ascites,l withinl thel abdominall cavity.
Q:l asterixis
Answer:
akal Liverl Flap,l al flappingl tremorl ofl thel hands.l Whenl thel clientl extendsl thel armsl &l
handsl inl frontl ofl thel body,l thel handsl rapidlyl flexl &l extend.
Q:l palmarl erythema
Answer:
unusuall rednessl ofl thel palmsl ofl thel hands
Q:l caputl medusae
Answer:
Dilatedl veinsl aroundl thel umbilicus,l associatedl withl cirrhosisl ofl thel liver.
,Q:l spiderl angiomas
Answer:
Small,l spider-likel bloodl vesselsl onl skin.
Q:l IgGl anti-HBc
Answer:
(antibodyl tol hepatitisl Bl corel antigen)
Appearsl 6-14l wksl afterl infectionl togetherl withl anti-HBs
Indicatesl pastl infectionl andl immunity
Q:l Treatmentl HCV
Answer:
Highlyl activel directl actingl antiviralsl (2011)
Chronicl HCVl isl highlyl curablel withl 8-12l weeksl ofl orall therapy
Goalsl :l virall eradication,l delayl fibrosisl progression,l alleviatingl symptoms,l preventingl
complications,l minimizingl all-causel mortality,l maximizingl qualityl ofl life
Nol vaccinel -l eliminatingl riskl factors
Q:l NAFLD
Answer:
Non-alcoholicl fattyl liverl disease
Hepaticl injuryl withl inflammationl withl orl withoutl fibrosis.l
Fattyl infiltrationl ofl thel liverl inl absencel ofl significantl alcoholl consumption,l chronicl
hepatotoxicl medicationl use,l andl hereditaryl disorders.
Mayl progressl tol simplel steatosis,l fibrosis,l cirrhosis,l HCC.
Q:l Riskl factorsl forl NAFLD
Answer:
,Obesity,l diabetes,l dyslipidemias,l insulinl resistance,l metabolicl syndromel arel associatedl
withl NAFLDl development.
Likelyl tol havel cardiovascularl riskl factorsl whichl contributel tol increasel morbidityl andl
mortalityl beyondl chronicl liverl diseasel alone.
Q:l Testingl NAFLD
Answer:
Usuallyl al symptomaticl andl foundl incidentally.l LFTsl normall inl majority,l mildl elevationsl
inl ASTl &l ALTl mayl bel seen.
Elevatedl GGTl =l markerl ofl increasedl mortality
Diseasel progressionl canl resultl inl hypoalbuminemia,l hyperbilirubinemia,l
thrombocytopenia,l prolongedl PT.
Ultrasoundl ofl abdomenl tol evaluatel forl fattyl infiltrationl
Liverl biopsyl isl goldl standardl forl diagnosisl ofl NAFLDl &l NASH.
Q:l NASH
Answer:
nonalcoholicl steatohepatitisl (fattyl liver)
Q:l Treatmentl forl NAFLDl &l NASH
Answer:
Sustainedl weightl lossl (5-10%l product),l caloriel restriction,l carbohydrate,l production,l
increasedl exercisel duel tol highl riskl ofl cardiovascularl disease.
Bariatricl surgeryl forl thosel whol havel beenl unsuccessful,l treatmentl forl hyperlipidemia,l
hypertension,l glycemicl control.l
Shouldl bel followedl byl al hepatologistl orl gastroenterologist.
Clinicall trialsl usingl anti-fibrotic,l anti-apoptotic,l andl immunel therapiesl forl treatment
Q:l NAFLD-MS
Answer:
, Non-alcoholicl fattyl liverl diseasel withl metabolicl syndromel usuallyl al symptomaticl sol usel
ofl clinicall scoringl systeml withl protectorsl beingl BMI,l AST/ALTl ratio,l presencel ofl
T2DM,l andl centrall obesity.
Q:l Appendicitis
Answer:
Inflammationl ofl thel appendixl (smalll pouchl attachedl tol cecuml ofl largel intestines)l
causedl byl blockagel orl infection.l
Mayl leadl tol perforationl >l toxinsl releasedl intol abdominall cavityl >l peritonitisl >l sepsisl
>l possiblel death.l
1/5thl ofl casesl rupture.
Appendixl thoughtl tol playl al rolel inl immunityl andl possiblyl storagel forl probiotics.
Q:l Etiologyl ofl acutel appendicitis
Answer:
Obstructionl orl narrowingl ofl appendiceall lumen
Formationl ofl faecoliths,l metastasis,l solid,l tumors,l intestinal,l parasites,l scarring,l
inflammatoryl bowell diseasel =l luminall narrowing
Bacteriall proliferationl leadsl tol inflammationl andl increasedl pressurel withinl appendixl >l
blood,l andl lymphl flowl blocksl leadingl tol vascularl thrombosisl andl ischemicl necrosisl =l
luminall blockage
Q:l Appendicitisl riskl factors
Answer:
Malesl >l females
Highestl incidentsl inl secondl decadel ofl lifel
Dietl lowl inl fiberl andl highl inl refinedl carbohydrates
Geneticl predisposition
Extendedl breast-feedingl appearsl tol diminishl thel riskl ofl appendicitisl inl children
Q:l Increasedl riskl ofl perforation
2026/l 2027l Update)l Complexl Diagnosisl &l
Managementl inl Acutel Carel Practicuml
Guide|l Q/Al |l Gradel A|l 100%l Correctl
(Verifiedl Answers)l -Chamberlain
Q:l fluidl thrill
Answer:
al sensationl feltl duringl anl abdominall examinationl whenl tappingl onel sidel ofl thel
abdomen,l resultingl inl al transmittedl vibrationl onl thel otherl side.l Thisl sensationl isl
indicativel ofl freel fluid,l likel inl ascites,l withinl thel abdominall cavity.
Q:l asterixis
Answer:
akal Liverl Flap,l al flappingl tremorl ofl thel hands.l Whenl thel clientl extendsl thel armsl &l
handsl inl frontl ofl thel body,l thel handsl rapidlyl flexl &l extend.
Q:l palmarl erythema
Answer:
unusuall rednessl ofl thel palmsl ofl thel hands
Q:l caputl medusae
Answer:
Dilatedl veinsl aroundl thel umbilicus,l associatedl withl cirrhosisl ofl thel liver.
,Q:l spiderl angiomas
Answer:
Small,l spider-likel bloodl vesselsl onl skin.
Q:l IgGl anti-HBc
Answer:
(antibodyl tol hepatitisl Bl corel antigen)
Appearsl 6-14l wksl afterl infectionl togetherl withl anti-HBs
Indicatesl pastl infectionl andl immunity
Q:l Treatmentl HCV
Answer:
Highlyl activel directl actingl antiviralsl (2011)
Chronicl HCVl isl highlyl curablel withl 8-12l weeksl ofl orall therapy
Goalsl :l virall eradication,l delayl fibrosisl progression,l alleviatingl symptoms,l preventingl
complications,l minimizingl all-causel mortality,l maximizingl qualityl ofl life
Nol vaccinel -l eliminatingl riskl factors
Q:l NAFLD
Answer:
Non-alcoholicl fattyl liverl disease
Hepaticl injuryl withl inflammationl withl orl withoutl fibrosis.l
Fattyl infiltrationl ofl thel liverl inl absencel ofl significantl alcoholl consumption,l chronicl
hepatotoxicl medicationl use,l andl hereditaryl disorders.
Mayl progressl tol simplel steatosis,l fibrosis,l cirrhosis,l HCC.
Q:l Riskl factorsl forl NAFLD
Answer:
,Obesity,l diabetes,l dyslipidemias,l insulinl resistance,l metabolicl syndromel arel associatedl
withl NAFLDl development.
Likelyl tol havel cardiovascularl riskl factorsl whichl contributel tol increasel morbidityl andl
mortalityl beyondl chronicl liverl diseasel alone.
Q:l Testingl NAFLD
Answer:
Usuallyl al symptomaticl andl foundl incidentally.l LFTsl normall inl majority,l mildl elevationsl
inl ASTl &l ALTl mayl bel seen.
Elevatedl GGTl =l markerl ofl increasedl mortality
Diseasel progressionl canl resultl inl hypoalbuminemia,l hyperbilirubinemia,l
thrombocytopenia,l prolongedl PT.
Ultrasoundl ofl abdomenl tol evaluatel forl fattyl infiltrationl
Liverl biopsyl isl goldl standardl forl diagnosisl ofl NAFLDl &l NASH.
Q:l NASH
Answer:
nonalcoholicl steatohepatitisl (fattyl liver)
Q:l Treatmentl forl NAFLDl &l NASH
Answer:
Sustainedl weightl lossl (5-10%l product),l caloriel restriction,l carbohydrate,l production,l
increasedl exercisel duel tol highl riskl ofl cardiovascularl disease.
Bariatricl surgeryl forl thosel whol havel beenl unsuccessful,l treatmentl forl hyperlipidemia,l
hypertension,l glycemicl control.l
Shouldl bel followedl byl al hepatologistl orl gastroenterologist.
Clinicall trialsl usingl anti-fibrotic,l anti-apoptotic,l andl immunel therapiesl forl treatment
Q:l NAFLD-MS
Answer:
, Non-alcoholicl fattyl liverl diseasel withl metabolicl syndromel usuallyl al symptomaticl sol usel
ofl clinicall scoringl systeml withl protectorsl beingl BMI,l AST/ALTl ratio,l presencel ofl
T2DM,l andl centrall obesity.
Q:l Appendicitis
Answer:
Inflammationl ofl thel appendixl (smalll pouchl attachedl tol cecuml ofl largel intestines)l
causedl byl blockagel orl infection.l
Mayl leadl tol perforationl >l toxinsl releasedl intol abdominall cavityl >l peritonitisl >l sepsisl
>l possiblel death.l
1/5thl ofl casesl rupture.
Appendixl thoughtl tol playl al rolel inl immunityl andl possiblyl storagel forl probiotics.
Q:l Etiologyl ofl acutel appendicitis
Answer:
Obstructionl orl narrowingl ofl appendiceall lumen
Formationl ofl faecoliths,l metastasis,l solid,l tumors,l intestinal,l parasites,l scarring,l
inflammatoryl bowell diseasel =l luminall narrowing
Bacteriall proliferationl leadsl tol inflammationl andl increasedl pressurel withinl appendixl >l
blood,l andl lymphl flowl blocksl leadingl tol vascularl thrombosisl andl ischemicl necrosisl =l
luminall blockage
Q:l Appendicitisl riskl factors
Answer:
Malesl >l females
Highestl incidentsl inl secondl decadel ofl lifel
Dietl lowl inl fiberl andl highl inl refinedl carbohydrates
Geneticl predisposition
Extendedl breast-feedingl appearsl tol diminishl thel riskl ofl appendicitisl inl children
Q:l Increasedl riskl ofl perforation
