c
What is Globalisation?
Key words linking to globalisation
-sustainanlit
-trade
-economics
-cultural globalisation
Globalisation is the increase of goods and services being traded worldwide. It has been accelerated by
development in transport, communication and technology.
Globalisation
Connections are Connections are
Connections are faster
lengthening deepening
Faster speed of
New links with places that More people’s lives connections with people
are greater distances are connected with in real time or through
apart or used to be hard far away places travelling quickly from
to reach place to place
When did globalisation start?
Early civilisation 1st century BC
Started when first civilisations started to exchange goods and information through trade. Most famous
example is the Silk Road (1st century BC). Goods such as silk were traded from china to as far as
the Roman Empire. Ideas, culture and religion were also exchanged along this route
The age of discovery 15th - 18th century
Started with the Portuguese empire and the spice trade with western ideas, religion and culture
spreading to the new world. This led European countries to practice mercantilism (country’s fou us on
making profit for others) and empire building
The most infamous example of slavery also came from this expansion of becoming globalised. The trans
Atlantic slave trade. Remember slaves were transported as goods as early as the Roman Empire. The
improvement in shipping (larger sailing ships capable of going further) made the trans Atlantic slave
trade a larger business.
Industrialised revolution
Factories led to increased production of goods ready to be traded across the world even faster with the
introduction of steam powered ships. European emotes fully established British empire covered 25% of the
world spreading British culture and ideas as well as products
Post ww2 to present day
Global shift- transnational companies seek lower costs for labour in less developed nations
Capitalism and increase in TNC’S
Just in time production increasing production of goods
Technology boom- the microchip, internet, mobile phones, computers
Introduction of trading blocs like the eu
, Globalisation era Early civilisation The age of discovery Industrial Ww2 to
1st century BC 15th - 18th century Revolution present day
Leading exports Raw materials and Raw materials and Textiles and Mass produced goods,
slaves slaves factory made digital services and global
products supply chain products
Leading nations Roman, Persian and Portugal, Spain, Britain USA and china
Chinese empires Britain, and
Netherlands
Exports as % of <5% 6 to 14% 15 to 20% More than 20%
world gdp
Enabling Carts, roads Sailing and Steam power Internet and
innovations and currency navigation and factories containerisation
Globalisation is driven by flows of resources, people and information
Commodities- valuable raw material such as fossil fuels, food and minerals have always been traded
between nations. Flows of manufactured goods have multiplied in size in recent years, fuelled by low
production costs in china even lower wages economies such as Bangladesh and Vietnam. In 2015 global
GDP fell just short of $80 trillion in value. Of this, around one-third was generate by trade flows in
agricultural and industrial commodities
Capital- at a global scale, major capital flows are routed daily through the world’s stock markets. A
range of businesses, including investment banks and pension funds, buy and sell money in different
currencies to make profits. In 2013, the voleuse of these foreign exchange transactions reached $5
trillion per day
Information- the internet has brought real-time communication between distant laces, allowing goods and
services to be bought at the click of a button. Social networks have ballooned in size and influence, with
Facebook gaining 1.5 billion users in 2015. On demand tv has increased data usage further. Information is
stored in enormous’ server farms’ such as the Microsoft data centre in Washington state and facebook’s
data centre in Sweden (where cold temperatures reduce the cost of cooling the hard drives
Tourists- many of the world’s air passengers are holiday makers. Budget airlines have brought a
‘pleasure periphery’ of distant places within easy reach for the moneyed tourists of high-income
nations. Increasingly, people from emerging economies travel abroad too, suing budget airlines such
as AirAsia and East Africa’s Fastjet. China is now the worlds biggest spend on international travel,
with 120 million outbound trips made in 2014
Migrants-of all global flows, the permanent movement of people still faces the greatest number of
obstacles due to border controls and immigration laws. As a result, most governments have a ‘pick
and mix’ attitude towards global flow: they embrace trade flows but attempt to resist migrant flows
unless there is a special need (such as Qataris encouragement of Indian construction workers).
Despite restrictions, however, record flows of people are recorded every year. The combined
number of economic migrants and refugees worldwide reached almost one quarter of a billion
, The 5 strands of Globalisation
Economic globalisation
-the growth of TNC’S accelerates the exchange of raw materials, components, finished manufactured
goods, shares portfolio investment and purchasing
-technology supports working from anywhere
-online purchasing using Amazon on a smartphone
Political globalisation
-the growth of trading blocs allows TNC’S to merge with neighbouring countries, while reducing restrictions
and tariffs help to grow the market
-global concerns such as free trade, credit crunch and the global response to natural disaster
-the world bank, IMF and the WTO work internationally to harmonise national economies
Social globalisation
-International immigration has created extensive networks that cross national borders- they become
multi-ethnic and pluralistic
-global improvements in education and health can be seen over time, with rising world life expectancy and
literacy levels, although the changes are by no means uniform or universal
-social interconnectivity has grown over time thanks to the spread of universal connections such as
mobile phones, the internet and email
Cultural globalisation
-Western cultural traits come to dominate in some territories
-Glocalisation and hybridisation are a more complex outcome that takes place as old local cultures
merge and meld with globalsing influences
-the circulation of ideas and information has accelerated thanks to 24-hour reporting; people also keep in
touch using virtual spaces such as Facebook and Twitter
Environmental globalisation
-Internationally coordinated practices and regulations regarding environmental protection
-Intensifying, deepening and expansion of global networks leading to increasing global uniformity and
connectedness in regular environmental management practices
-COP26 where they talk about the environmental issues Near Length of global connections Far
-fair trade Shallow Low-income nations (eg. Sudan or chad), whose poorest
people may still be isolated from global influences. Some
shallow links to far-off places may exist (eg. They receive
-the volume of raw materials (eg. Food and fuel) as well as manufactured goods being traded around the world has
aid or grow cash crops)
Commodities increased rapidly since 1950
-this may be made easier by the increased numbers of international trade deals and improvements in the technology that
enables international trade
Middle-income nations (eg. Brazil), where poorer people
Capital -money is bought and sold globally through currency exchanges in banks everyday. Banks also trade in stocks and shares
internationally
Depth of may still rely on local produce but work for foreign
-money flows between countries through the trade of goods and services global firms. They have global cultural awareness (eg. Music
-individuals and companies from one country might invest moeny into an industry in another country- this is known as FDI
-capital (wealth in the form of money or assets) is able to flow more easily and more quickly due to online banking and connections and football) and political awareness
cryptocurrency
-migrants often send money home to financially support family and friends (known as remittance payments)
-information (eg. News of current events) can spread across the world very quickly and easily
Information -the rapid development and adoption of email, the High-income nations (eg. The Uk) where the
internet and social networking means that large amounts of information can
be exchanged Quickly across the globe. This means people who live and work in different countries can communicate and work majority of people are affluent consumers of
together more easily
-people can learn about different countries and cultures without leaving their country
global products and culture (eg. Imported
television and film). Most people are widely
Tourists -increased international has increased many people’s first-hand experience of other countries travelled and fly overseas
-increased in technology (eg. Jet planes) and the decreasing cost of travel have allowed more people to travel to a wider
range of countries
-flows of tourists are often matched by flows of foreign currency- this generates wealth for the host country Deep
People move between countries permanently and seasonally (eg. For employment). International migration connects people with
Migrants other countries around the world. For example, the Uk depends on over 70,000 seasonal agricultural workers, primarily from
Romania and Bulgaria
-migrants might be seeking better economic opportunities and greater opportunities and greater stability. Migrants might be
refugees- people seeking a safer home away from the threat of persecution, war, famine or extreme effects of climate
change
-flows of people are often regulated- eg. Governments use policies to encourage or discourage migration
, LI
What has caused Globalisation?
Transport
How we travel short distances Horseback Steam train 1st Gen cars Modern cars
How we travel longer distances Early sailing AoD Sailing Steam boats Modern cruise ships
How fast we can travel 6mph 15mph 65mph 500-700mph
How we transport goods Whatever horses/ Barrels and Standardised
camels could carry crates containers
Containerisation- a system of shipping goods by standardised, intermodal containers from producers, to
trucks, to freight trains and container ships! All of the containers are the same size.
Most container ships only require 13 workers to load and unload and said abroad the ships as
computers and machines do the rest.
A modern container ship can carry 20,000 full of a variety of goods.
Rotterdam is Europe’s largest port- super port as it has the largest container ships coming to it
How has communication accelerated globalisation?
The speed of communication has increased
Development of the web in the 1980s culminated in the global internet in 1990
The rise of social media and telecommunications allowing for the spreading of culture
Technological leapfrogging- when a country skips stages of technological development eg. A LIDC goes
from communicating via letters straight to gaining to second hand mobile phone technology from EDC’s
Shrinking world theory
Physical distances have not have changed, but developments in technology have massively reduced the
time it take to trade and communicate globally
Developments in transport have reduced actual travel times.
Heightened connectivity changes our conception of time, distance and potential barriers to movement of
people and goods
The time it takes to contact someone in a foreign country the other side of the world is hardly
noticeable.
This process is called Time-Space Compression and has led to people to refer to the process as
‘Shrinking World’
What is Globalisation?
Key words linking to globalisation
-sustainanlit
-trade
-economics
-cultural globalisation
Globalisation is the increase of goods and services being traded worldwide. It has been accelerated by
development in transport, communication and technology.
Globalisation
Connections are Connections are
Connections are faster
lengthening deepening
Faster speed of
New links with places that More people’s lives connections with people
are greater distances are connected with in real time or through
apart or used to be hard far away places travelling quickly from
to reach place to place
When did globalisation start?
Early civilisation 1st century BC
Started when first civilisations started to exchange goods and information through trade. Most famous
example is the Silk Road (1st century BC). Goods such as silk were traded from china to as far as
the Roman Empire. Ideas, culture and religion were also exchanged along this route
The age of discovery 15th - 18th century
Started with the Portuguese empire and the spice trade with western ideas, religion and culture
spreading to the new world. This led European countries to practice mercantilism (country’s fou us on
making profit for others) and empire building
The most infamous example of slavery also came from this expansion of becoming globalised. The trans
Atlantic slave trade. Remember slaves were transported as goods as early as the Roman Empire. The
improvement in shipping (larger sailing ships capable of going further) made the trans Atlantic slave
trade a larger business.
Industrialised revolution
Factories led to increased production of goods ready to be traded across the world even faster with the
introduction of steam powered ships. European emotes fully established British empire covered 25% of the
world spreading British culture and ideas as well as products
Post ww2 to present day
Global shift- transnational companies seek lower costs for labour in less developed nations
Capitalism and increase in TNC’S
Just in time production increasing production of goods
Technology boom- the microchip, internet, mobile phones, computers
Introduction of trading blocs like the eu
, Globalisation era Early civilisation The age of discovery Industrial Ww2 to
1st century BC 15th - 18th century Revolution present day
Leading exports Raw materials and Raw materials and Textiles and Mass produced goods,
slaves slaves factory made digital services and global
products supply chain products
Leading nations Roman, Persian and Portugal, Spain, Britain USA and china
Chinese empires Britain, and
Netherlands
Exports as % of <5% 6 to 14% 15 to 20% More than 20%
world gdp
Enabling Carts, roads Sailing and Steam power Internet and
innovations and currency navigation and factories containerisation
Globalisation is driven by flows of resources, people and information
Commodities- valuable raw material such as fossil fuels, food and minerals have always been traded
between nations. Flows of manufactured goods have multiplied in size in recent years, fuelled by low
production costs in china even lower wages economies such as Bangladesh and Vietnam. In 2015 global
GDP fell just short of $80 trillion in value. Of this, around one-third was generate by trade flows in
agricultural and industrial commodities
Capital- at a global scale, major capital flows are routed daily through the world’s stock markets. A
range of businesses, including investment banks and pension funds, buy and sell money in different
currencies to make profits. In 2013, the voleuse of these foreign exchange transactions reached $5
trillion per day
Information- the internet has brought real-time communication between distant laces, allowing goods and
services to be bought at the click of a button. Social networks have ballooned in size and influence, with
Facebook gaining 1.5 billion users in 2015. On demand tv has increased data usage further. Information is
stored in enormous’ server farms’ such as the Microsoft data centre in Washington state and facebook’s
data centre in Sweden (where cold temperatures reduce the cost of cooling the hard drives
Tourists- many of the world’s air passengers are holiday makers. Budget airlines have brought a
‘pleasure periphery’ of distant places within easy reach for the moneyed tourists of high-income
nations. Increasingly, people from emerging economies travel abroad too, suing budget airlines such
as AirAsia and East Africa’s Fastjet. China is now the worlds biggest spend on international travel,
with 120 million outbound trips made in 2014
Migrants-of all global flows, the permanent movement of people still faces the greatest number of
obstacles due to border controls and immigration laws. As a result, most governments have a ‘pick
and mix’ attitude towards global flow: they embrace trade flows but attempt to resist migrant flows
unless there is a special need (such as Qataris encouragement of Indian construction workers).
Despite restrictions, however, record flows of people are recorded every year. The combined
number of economic migrants and refugees worldwide reached almost one quarter of a billion
, The 5 strands of Globalisation
Economic globalisation
-the growth of TNC’S accelerates the exchange of raw materials, components, finished manufactured
goods, shares portfolio investment and purchasing
-technology supports working from anywhere
-online purchasing using Amazon on a smartphone
Political globalisation
-the growth of trading blocs allows TNC’S to merge with neighbouring countries, while reducing restrictions
and tariffs help to grow the market
-global concerns such as free trade, credit crunch and the global response to natural disaster
-the world bank, IMF and the WTO work internationally to harmonise national economies
Social globalisation
-International immigration has created extensive networks that cross national borders- they become
multi-ethnic and pluralistic
-global improvements in education and health can be seen over time, with rising world life expectancy and
literacy levels, although the changes are by no means uniform or universal
-social interconnectivity has grown over time thanks to the spread of universal connections such as
mobile phones, the internet and email
Cultural globalisation
-Western cultural traits come to dominate in some territories
-Glocalisation and hybridisation are a more complex outcome that takes place as old local cultures
merge and meld with globalsing influences
-the circulation of ideas and information has accelerated thanks to 24-hour reporting; people also keep in
touch using virtual spaces such as Facebook and Twitter
Environmental globalisation
-Internationally coordinated practices and regulations regarding environmental protection
-Intensifying, deepening and expansion of global networks leading to increasing global uniformity and
connectedness in regular environmental management practices
-COP26 where they talk about the environmental issues Near Length of global connections Far
-fair trade Shallow Low-income nations (eg. Sudan or chad), whose poorest
people may still be isolated from global influences. Some
shallow links to far-off places may exist (eg. They receive
-the volume of raw materials (eg. Food and fuel) as well as manufactured goods being traded around the world has
aid or grow cash crops)
Commodities increased rapidly since 1950
-this may be made easier by the increased numbers of international trade deals and improvements in the technology that
enables international trade
Middle-income nations (eg. Brazil), where poorer people
Capital -money is bought and sold globally through currency exchanges in banks everyday. Banks also trade in stocks and shares
internationally
Depth of may still rely on local produce but work for foreign
-money flows between countries through the trade of goods and services global firms. They have global cultural awareness (eg. Music
-individuals and companies from one country might invest moeny into an industry in another country- this is known as FDI
-capital (wealth in the form of money or assets) is able to flow more easily and more quickly due to online banking and connections and football) and political awareness
cryptocurrency
-migrants often send money home to financially support family and friends (known as remittance payments)
-information (eg. News of current events) can spread across the world very quickly and easily
Information -the rapid development and adoption of email, the High-income nations (eg. The Uk) where the
internet and social networking means that large amounts of information can
be exchanged Quickly across the globe. This means people who live and work in different countries can communicate and work majority of people are affluent consumers of
together more easily
-people can learn about different countries and cultures without leaving their country
global products and culture (eg. Imported
television and film). Most people are widely
Tourists -increased international has increased many people’s first-hand experience of other countries travelled and fly overseas
-increased in technology (eg. Jet planes) and the decreasing cost of travel have allowed more people to travel to a wider
range of countries
-flows of tourists are often matched by flows of foreign currency- this generates wealth for the host country Deep
People move between countries permanently and seasonally (eg. For employment). International migration connects people with
Migrants other countries around the world. For example, the Uk depends on over 70,000 seasonal agricultural workers, primarily from
Romania and Bulgaria
-migrants might be seeking better economic opportunities and greater opportunities and greater stability. Migrants might be
refugees- people seeking a safer home away from the threat of persecution, war, famine or extreme effects of climate
change
-flows of people are often regulated- eg. Governments use policies to encourage or discourage migration
, LI
What has caused Globalisation?
Transport
How we travel short distances Horseback Steam train 1st Gen cars Modern cars
How we travel longer distances Early sailing AoD Sailing Steam boats Modern cruise ships
How fast we can travel 6mph 15mph 65mph 500-700mph
How we transport goods Whatever horses/ Barrels and Standardised
camels could carry crates containers
Containerisation- a system of shipping goods by standardised, intermodal containers from producers, to
trucks, to freight trains and container ships! All of the containers are the same size.
Most container ships only require 13 workers to load and unload and said abroad the ships as
computers and machines do the rest.
A modern container ship can carry 20,000 full of a variety of goods.
Rotterdam is Europe’s largest port- super port as it has the largest container ships coming to it
How has communication accelerated globalisation?
The speed of communication has increased
Development of the web in the 1980s culminated in the global internet in 1990
The rise of social media and telecommunications allowing for the spreading of culture
Technological leapfrogging- when a country skips stages of technological development eg. A LIDC goes
from communicating via letters straight to gaining to second hand mobile phone technology from EDC’s
Shrinking world theory
Physical distances have not have changed, but developments in technology have massively reduced the
time it take to trade and communicate globally
Developments in transport have reduced actual travel times.
Heightened connectivity changes our conception of time, distance and potential barriers to movement of
people and goods
The time it takes to contact someone in a foreign country the other side of the world is hardly
noticeable.
This process is called Time-Space Compression and has led to people to refer to the process as
‘Shrinking World’
