The water Cycle
48
Condensation
Cryospheric Snow
processes
Evapotranspiration Precipitation
Evaporation
413 103 km "(year
Percolation
Groundwater
I
↳ a
Gravity and solar radiation powers the entire water cycle 90%On
There are over 1.4 billion cubic kilometres of water for this you need it to be
96.5% of it is poisonous salt water. Only 3% is fresh water cold and particles/a surface
96.5% is stored in the oceans
1.7% is stored in the cryosphere
1.7% is stored as ground water
0.01% is stored as surface water
0.001% is stored in the atmosphere
0.0001% is stored in the biosphere
Global water Budget
,The global hydrological cycle
Closed system- there is a transfer of energy but not matter between the system and it’s
surroundings; so the same amount of water is kept within the hydrological cycle and just
circulated continuously
Inputs
Outputs
Stores- where matter (or energy) is kept for a relatively long period of time; water is stored for
long periods of time in oceans (3600 years) and as groundwater (up to 10000 years)
Flows
Solar energy
Gravitational potential energy
Water vulnerability- less than 2500m3 per year
Stress- less than 1700m3 per year
Scarcity- less than 1000m3 per year
Absolute scarcity- less than 500m3 per year
Grey water is recycled water
Factors that can make water become insecure:
Agriculture, industry, population growth, the middle class wave, urbanisation
85 gallons/day
Virtual water- all the water that is used in the production of something
1kg of rice = 3,000 to 5,000 litres of water
0-10 gallons to create 1 sheet of paper
150-200 gallons to produce enough grain for 1 loaf of bread
1,000-2,000 to make 1 pair of jeans
Water in the Uk was privatised in 1989, meaning that private TNC’s could purchase control of Uk
water Networks. Severn Trent Water is 1 of 11 water companies across the Uk that provide
safe drinking water and deal with waste and sewage
Residence time: the average times a water molecule will spend in a reservoirs or store
There is only such a small percentage of water available for humans because 97% is poisonous
due to it being salt water
,Flooding and Drainage basis
Water cycle theory
The water cycle is a closed system which means that the same amount is kept within the Earth and
just circulated continuously with annual global fluxes being 103km3/year. Drainage basins however,
do have inputs and outputs, inputs such as precipitation which comes in 3 types: orograhphic,
frontal and conventional. Outputs can be the overall movement of water down a river into the
oceans or evaporate into the atmosphere. Some water can spend a long residence time in store
such as groundwater or glaciers. Solar radiation and gravity are the two main forces driving the
whole water cycle and can influence the flows and fluxes. Human activity also plays a key role in
these flows as they influence the supply and demand as well as altering the land use within a
drainage basin. The 5 major anthropogenic factors influencing the water cycle are agriculture,
industry, population growth, urbanisation and the middle class wave.
The drainage basin is an open system
Drainage basins are subsystems within the global hydrological cycle Open -
An open system means it has inputs and outputs from outside of the given area
Drainage basins vary in size and shape and each major river drainage basin is made up of
smaller tributary drainage basins
Inputs =
Precipitation + Solar Energy + Gravity
Output= Evaporation/Erapotranspiration + Rundf + Percolation
The River Trent Drainage Basin
4,000sq km
The river itself is 185 miles long
Water flows into the river from the Peak District and the mouth of the river is in the Humber
estuary
elongated: slow
subdued
↓
delayed subdued
Idequed) circular =
fast
washe
crushed al
at onces
-
1
-
, Physical factors that influence drainage basins
Climate- influences the type and amount of precipitation overall and the amount of evaporation as
well as the overall health of the vegetation
Soils- determine the amount of infiltration, percolation and through flow as well as the overall
health of the vegetable
Geology/lithology- percolation impacted by impermeable and permeable rock types
Relief- sloped land makes rain enter a river fasts than flat surface
Vegetation- it’s presence or absence has a major impact on the amount of interception, infiltration
and occurrence of overland flow as well as on evaportranspiration rate
1, a hydroelectric dam increases the flow of water one side of the dam but the other side of
the dam it decreases the flow of water. It also increases evaporation when the water is
collected in reservoirs. More flooding behind the dams
2, old ancient bridges act as a dam if water levels rise. Trap the water
3, urbanisation have impermeable surface and cause surface run off
4, farmland can reduce interception because of the cows grazing on the land and compacting it
down but ploughing helps to increase infiltration
5, recent reductions in manufacturing have led to less groundwater being abstracted but has
increased the levels of surface runoff leading to more flooding but it means supplies are more
likely to become polluted. Water evaporates more due to the heat
6, deforestation decreases interception and evapotranspiration because the removal of trees
removes the leaves that intercept the rain and evaporate the rain
landuse change
-
i
~
floocuna
↓ ~
good defence,
Vegetation
A typical drainage
Basin system
Inputs
outputs
flows and processes
storage
structure (
condensation
transpiration
Precipitation
Interception
regetation
Storage
direct
runoru
Soil Ifast,
Infiltration
through flow evaporation
water soll storage I medium ! cocurl everywhere
Puddle
Percolation
surrace Channel Chanas
groundwater
How (very slow
Rock Groundwater storage
48
Condensation
Cryospheric Snow
processes
Evapotranspiration Precipitation
Evaporation
413 103 km "(year
Percolation
Groundwater
I
↳ a
Gravity and solar radiation powers the entire water cycle 90%On
There are over 1.4 billion cubic kilometres of water for this you need it to be
96.5% of it is poisonous salt water. Only 3% is fresh water cold and particles/a surface
96.5% is stored in the oceans
1.7% is stored in the cryosphere
1.7% is stored as ground water
0.01% is stored as surface water
0.001% is stored in the atmosphere
0.0001% is stored in the biosphere
Global water Budget
,The global hydrological cycle
Closed system- there is a transfer of energy but not matter between the system and it’s
surroundings; so the same amount of water is kept within the hydrological cycle and just
circulated continuously
Inputs
Outputs
Stores- where matter (or energy) is kept for a relatively long period of time; water is stored for
long periods of time in oceans (3600 years) and as groundwater (up to 10000 years)
Flows
Solar energy
Gravitational potential energy
Water vulnerability- less than 2500m3 per year
Stress- less than 1700m3 per year
Scarcity- less than 1000m3 per year
Absolute scarcity- less than 500m3 per year
Grey water is recycled water
Factors that can make water become insecure:
Agriculture, industry, population growth, the middle class wave, urbanisation
85 gallons/day
Virtual water- all the water that is used in the production of something
1kg of rice = 3,000 to 5,000 litres of water
0-10 gallons to create 1 sheet of paper
150-200 gallons to produce enough grain for 1 loaf of bread
1,000-2,000 to make 1 pair of jeans
Water in the Uk was privatised in 1989, meaning that private TNC’s could purchase control of Uk
water Networks. Severn Trent Water is 1 of 11 water companies across the Uk that provide
safe drinking water and deal with waste and sewage
Residence time: the average times a water molecule will spend in a reservoirs or store
There is only such a small percentage of water available for humans because 97% is poisonous
due to it being salt water
,Flooding and Drainage basis
Water cycle theory
The water cycle is a closed system which means that the same amount is kept within the Earth and
just circulated continuously with annual global fluxes being 103km3/year. Drainage basins however,
do have inputs and outputs, inputs such as precipitation which comes in 3 types: orograhphic,
frontal and conventional. Outputs can be the overall movement of water down a river into the
oceans or evaporate into the atmosphere. Some water can spend a long residence time in store
such as groundwater or glaciers. Solar radiation and gravity are the two main forces driving the
whole water cycle and can influence the flows and fluxes. Human activity also plays a key role in
these flows as they influence the supply and demand as well as altering the land use within a
drainage basin. The 5 major anthropogenic factors influencing the water cycle are agriculture,
industry, population growth, urbanisation and the middle class wave.
The drainage basin is an open system
Drainage basins are subsystems within the global hydrological cycle Open -
An open system means it has inputs and outputs from outside of the given area
Drainage basins vary in size and shape and each major river drainage basin is made up of
smaller tributary drainage basins
Inputs =
Precipitation + Solar Energy + Gravity
Output= Evaporation/Erapotranspiration + Rundf + Percolation
The River Trent Drainage Basin
4,000sq km
The river itself is 185 miles long
Water flows into the river from the Peak District and the mouth of the river is in the Humber
estuary
elongated: slow
subdued
↓
delayed subdued
Idequed) circular =
fast
washe
crushed al
at onces
-
1
-
, Physical factors that influence drainage basins
Climate- influences the type and amount of precipitation overall and the amount of evaporation as
well as the overall health of the vegetation
Soils- determine the amount of infiltration, percolation and through flow as well as the overall
health of the vegetable
Geology/lithology- percolation impacted by impermeable and permeable rock types
Relief- sloped land makes rain enter a river fasts than flat surface
Vegetation- it’s presence or absence has a major impact on the amount of interception, infiltration
and occurrence of overland flow as well as on evaportranspiration rate
1, a hydroelectric dam increases the flow of water one side of the dam but the other side of
the dam it decreases the flow of water. It also increases evaporation when the water is
collected in reservoirs. More flooding behind the dams
2, old ancient bridges act as a dam if water levels rise. Trap the water
3, urbanisation have impermeable surface and cause surface run off
4, farmland can reduce interception because of the cows grazing on the land and compacting it
down but ploughing helps to increase infiltration
5, recent reductions in manufacturing have led to less groundwater being abstracted but has
increased the levels of surface runoff leading to more flooding but it means supplies are more
likely to become polluted. Water evaporates more due to the heat
6, deforestation decreases interception and evapotranspiration because the removal of trees
removes the leaves that intercept the rain and evaporate the rain
landuse change
-
i
~
floocuna
↓ ~
good defence,
Vegetation
A typical drainage
Basin system
Inputs
outputs
flows and processes
storage
structure (
condensation
transpiration
Precipitation
Interception
regetation
Storage
direct
runoru
Soil Ifast,
Infiltration
through flow evaporation
water soll storage I medium ! cocurl everywhere
Puddle
Percolation
surrace Channel Chanas
groundwater
How (very slow
Rock Groundwater storage
