, Test bank for Human Learning 7th Edition Ormrod
Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
CHAPTERY1
PERSPECTIVESYONYLEARNING
MultipleYChoiceYQuestions
HumanYbeingsYundoubtedlyYlearnYmoreYduringYtheYcourseYofYaYlifetimeYtha
nYanyYotherYspeciesYonYearth.YTheYmajorYresultYofYthisYcapacityYtoYlearnYisYthat
:
NewYinstinctsYbeginYtoYemerge.
HumanYthoughtYbecomesYlessYlogicalYwithYeachYgeneratio
n.YHumansYcanYbenefitYfromYtheirYexperiences.
HumansYareYtheYonlyYspeciesYwhoseYbehaviorYcannotYbeYanalyzedYi
nYtermsYofYstimuliYandYresponses.
ThreeYofYtheYfollowingYareYexamplesYofYlearning.YWhichYoneYisYnot?
AbigailYcriesYwhenYsheYstepsYonYaYsharpYpebble.
AfterYmanyYhoursYofYheatedYdebate,YBrianYbeginsYtoYadvocat
eYpoliticalYpracticesYheYhasYpreviouslyYopposed.
CaraYsuddenlyYrecognizesYhowYtheYdivisionYfactY―24Y’Y4Y=Y6‖YisYrelat
edYtoYtheYmultiplicationYfactY―6YxY4Y=Y24.‖
DavidYhasYbeenYrunningYawayYfromYGermanYshepherdsYeverYsinceYh
eYwasYbittenYbyYaYGermanYshepherdYtwoY yearsYago.
ReyneldaYhasYtroubleYtracingYaYcomplexYshapeYwithYaYpencilYwhenYsheYisYi
nYkindergarten,YbutYsheYcanYdoYitYquiteYwellYbyYtheYtimeYsheYisYinYsecondYgrad
e.YIsYthisYanYinstanceYofYlearning?
Yes,YbecauseYherYbehaviorYhasYchanged.
No,YbecauseYtheYcircumstancesYareYtooYdissimilar.
Maybe,YalthoughYtheYchangeYmayYsimplyYbeYdueYt
oYphysiologicalYmaturation.
Maybe,YbutYonlyYifYsheYisYbeingYreinforcedYforYtracingYaccurately.
2
, ChapterY1Y–
YPerspectivesYonYLearning
ThreeYofYtheYfollowingYillustrateYvariousYwaysYthatYlearningYmightY beYreflect
edYinYaYperson‘sYbehavior.YWhichYoneYofYtheYfollowingYchangesYdoesYnotYnecess
arilyYreflectYlearning?
AlthoughYit‘sYaYschoolYnight,YDeanYplaysYvideoYgamesYuntilYwellYpastYh
isYusualYbedtime.YAsYheYbecomesYmoreYtired,YheYfindsYitYincreasinglyYdi
fficultYtoYconcentrateYonYwhatYhe‘sYdoing.
EvenYasYaYyoungYchild,YJerryYcouldYtellYyouYthatYhisYgrandparent
sYimmigratedYtoYtheYUnitedYStatesYfromYIreland.YButYafterYaYcon
versationYwithYhisYgrandmother,YheYcanYnowYdescribeYtheYcircum
stancesYofYtheYfamily‘sYimmigrationYinYconsiderableYdetail.
DayYafterYday,YMartinYpracticesYhisYbasketballYskillsY (shooting,Ydribblin
g,Yetc.)YonYaYbasketballYcourtYatYaYlocalYpark.YWithYeachYpracticeYsessio
n,YhisYmovementsYbecomeYfasterYandYsmoother.
LewisYoccasionallyYasksYforYhelpYwhenYheYhasYdifficultyYwithYhisYclass
work,YbutYmostYofYtheYtimeYheYjustYstrugglesYquietlyYonYhisYown.YAfter
YhisYteacherYassuresYhimYthatYaskingYforYhelpYisYnotYaYsignYofYweakness
YorYinability,YheYbeginsYaskingYforYhelpYmuchYmoreYfrequently.
Y researchYexaminesYlearningYinYtightlyYcontrolledYsettingsYand
Y researchYexaminesYlearningYinYreal-worldYsettings.
Applied;YBasicYBasi
c;YQualitativeYQualit
ative;YAppliedYBasic
;YApplied
AYprincipleYofYlearningYcanYbestYbeYcharacterizedYas:
AYdescriptionYofYtheYresultsYofYaYparticularYresearchYstudy
AYstatementYthatYdescribesYhowYaYparticularYfactorYaffectsYlearning
TheYmeasurementYofYhowYmuchYlearningYhasYoccurredYinYa
particularYsituation
Y
AnYexplanationYofYtheYunderlyingYprocessesYthroughYwhichYlearningYoccurs
AYtheoryYofYlearningYcanYbestYbeYcharacterizedYas:
AYdescriptionYofYtheYresultsYofYaYparticularYresearchYstudy
AYstatementYthatYdescribesYhowYaYparticularYfactorYaffectsYlearning
TheYmeasurementYofYhowYmuchYlearningYhasYoccurredYinYa
particularYsituation
Y
AnYexplanationYofYtheYunderlyingYprocessesYthroughYwhichYlearningYoccurs
3
, ChapterY1Y–
YPerspectivesYonYLearning
ThreeYofYtheYfollowingYareYprinciplesYofYlearning.YWhichYoneYisYaYtheory
ofYlearningYratherYthanYaYprinciple?
AYbehaviorYthatYisYfollowedYbyYpunishmentYdecreasesYinYfrequency.
PeopleYlearnYbyYmakingYmentalYassociationsYbetweenYnewYinformatio
nYandYtheirYexistingYknowledge.
AYresponseYthatYisYrewardedYeveryYtimeYitYoccursYincreasesYmor
eYrapidlyYthanYaYresponseYthatYisYonlyYoccasionallyYrewarded.
StudentsYtendYtoYrememberYmoreYofYaYlectureYifYtheyYtakeYnotesYonY
theYlecture‘sYcontent.
WhichYoneYofYtheYfollowingYcommonYsayingsYbestYreflectsYtheYconce
ptYofYintrospection?
―WhereYthere‘sYaYwill,Ythere‘sYaYway.‖
―NothingYventured,YnothingYgained.‖
―AYpennyYforYyourYthoughts.‖
―OldYhabitsYdieYhard.‖
WhichYoneYofYtheYfollowingYcommonYsayingsYbestYreflectsYtheYbasi
cYpremiseYunderlyingYsocialYlearningYtheory?
―MonkeyYsee,YmonkeyYdo.‖
―SpareYtheYrodYandYspoilYtheYchild.‖
―AYfriendYinYneedYisYaYfriendYindeed.‖
―AYrollingYstoneYgathersYnoYmoss.‖
WhichYoneYofYtheYfollowingYstatementsYprovidesYtheYmostYcredibleYexpl
anationYforYtheYfactYthatYhumanYbeingsYseemYtoYsurpassYallYotherYanimalYsp
eciesYinYtheirYthinkingYandYlearningYcapacities?
OnlyYhumanYbeingsYhaveYtheYcapabilityYtoYmakeYtools.
HumansYcommunicateYregularlyYwithYoneYanotherYand,YinYdoingYs
o,YpassYalongYwhatYthey‘veYlearnedYtoYfutureYgenerations.
HumanYbeingsYhaveYaYhugeYrepertoireYofYinstinctualYbehaviorsYfro
mYwhichYtheyYcanYdrawYwhenYtheyYencounterYnewYexperiences.
HumanYbrainsYareYsmallerYthanYthoseYofYotherYintelligentYspeciesY(e.g.,
Yelephants,Ydolphins)YandYthereforeYcanYtransmitYmessagesYmoreYquick
lyYandYefficiently.
4
Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
CHAPTERY1
PERSPECTIVESYONYLEARNING
MultipleYChoiceYQuestions
HumanYbeingsYundoubtedlyYlearnYmoreYduringYtheYcourseYofYaYlifetimeYtha
nYanyYotherYspeciesYonYearth.YTheYmajorYresultYofYthisYcapacityYtoYlearnYisYthat
:
NewYinstinctsYbeginYtoYemerge.
HumanYthoughtYbecomesYlessYlogicalYwithYeachYgeneratio
n.YHumansYcanYbenefitYfromYtheirYexperiences.
HumansYareYtheYonlyYspeciesYwhoseYbehaviorYcannotYbeYanalyzedYi
nYtermsYofYstimuliYandYresponses.
ThreeYofYtheYfollowingYareYexamplesYofYlearning.YWhichYoneYisYnot?
AbigailYcriesYwhenYsheYstepsYonYaYsharpYpebble.
AfterYmanyYhoursYofYheatedYdebate,YBrianYbeginsYtoYadvocat
eYpoliticalYpracticesYheYhasYpreviouslyYopposed.
CaraYsuddenlyYrecognizesYhowYtheYdivisionYfactY―24Y’Y4Y=Y6‖YisYrelat
edYtoYtheYmultiplicationYfactY―6YxY4Y=Y24.‖
DavidYhasYbeenYrunningYawayYfromYGermanYshepherdsYeverYsinceYh
eYwasYbittenYbyYaYGermanYshepherdYtwoY yearsYago.
ReyneldaYhasYtroubleYtracingYaYcomplexYshapeYwithYaYpencilYwhenYsheYisYi
nYkindergarten,YbutYsheYcanYdoYitYquiteYwellYbyYtheYtimeYsheYisYinYsecondYgrad
e.YIsYthisYanYinstanceYofYlearning?
Yes,YbecauseYherYbehaviorYhasYchanged.
No,YbecauseYtheYcircumstancesYareYtooYdissimilar.
Maybe,YalthoughYtheYchangeYmayYsimplyYbeYdueYt
oYphysiologicalYmaturation.
Maybe,YbutYonlyYifYsheYisYbeingYreinforcedYforYtracingYaccurately.
2
, ChapterY1Y–
YPerspectivesYonYLearning
ThreeYofYtheYfollowingYillustrateYvariousYwaysYthatYlearningYmightY beYreflect
edYinYaYperson‘sYbehavior.YWhichYoneYofYtheYfollowingYchangesYdoesYnotYnecess
arilyYreflectYlearning?
AlthoughYit‘sYaYschoolYnight,YDeanYplaysYvideoYgamesYuntilYwellYpastYh
isYusualYbedtime.YAsYheYbecomesYmoreYtired,YheYfindsYitYincreasinglyYdi
fficultYtoYconcentrateYonYwhatYhe‘sYdoing.
EvenYasYaYyoungYchild,YJerryYcouldYtellYyouYthatYhisYgrandparent
sYimmigratedYtoYtheYUnitedYStatesYfromYIreland.YButYafterYaYcon
versationYwithYhisYgrandmother,YheYcanYnowYdescribeYtheYcircum
stancesYofYtheYfamily‘sYimmigrationYinYconsiderableYdetail.
DayYafterYday,YMartinYpracticesYhisYbasketballYskillsY (shooting,Ydribblin
g,Yetc.)YonYaYbasketballYcourtYatYaYlocalYpark.YWithYeachYpracticeYsessio
n,YhisYmovementsYbecomeYfasterYandYsmoother.
LewisYoccasionallyYasksYforYhelpYwhenYheYhasYdifficultyYwithYhisYclass
work,YbutYmostYofYtheYtimeYheYjustYstrugglesYquietlyYonYhisYown.YAfter
YhisYteacherYassuresYhimYthatYaskingYforYhelpYisYnotYaYsignYofYweakness
YorYinability,YheYbeginsYaskingYforYhelpYmuchYmoreYfrequently.
Y researchYexaminesYlearningYinYtightlyYcontrolledYsettingsYand
Y researchYexaminesYlearningYinYreal-worldYsettings.
Applied;YBasicYBasi
c;YQualitativeYQualit
ative;YAppliedYBasic
;YApplied
AYprincipleYofYlearningYcanYbestYbeYcharacterizedYas:
AYdescriptionYofYtheYresultsYofYaYparticularYresearchYstudy
AYstatementYthatYdescribesYhowYaYparticularYfactorYaffectsYlearning
TheYmeasurementYofYhowYmuchYlearningYhasYoccurredYinYa
particularYsituation
Y
AnYexplanationYofYtheYunderlyingYprocessesYthroughYwhichYlearningYoccurs
AYtheoryYofYlearningYcanYbestYbeYcharacterizedYas:
AYdescriptionYofYtheYresultsYofYaYparticularYresearchYstudy
AYstatementYthatYdescribesYhowYaYparticularYfactorYaffectsYlearning
TheYmeasurementYofYhowYmuchYlearningYhasYoccurredYinYa
particularYsituation
Y
AnYexplanationYofYtheYunderlyingYprocessesYthroughYwhichYlearningYoccurs
3
, ChapterY1Y–
YPerspectivesYonYLearning
ThreeYofYtheYfollowingYareYprinciplesYofYlearning.YWhichYoneYisYaYtheory
ofYlearningYratherYthanYaYprinciple?
AYbehaviorYthatYisYfollowedYbyYpunishmentYdecreasesYinYfrequency.
PeopleYlearnYbyYmakingYmentalYassociationsYbetweenYnewYinformatio
nYandYtheirYexistingYknowledge.
AYresponseYthatYisYrewardedYeveryYtimeYitYoccursYincreasesYmor
eYrapidlyYthanYaYresponseYthatYisYonlyYoccasionallyYrewarded.
StudentsYtendYtoYrememberYmoreYofYaYlectureYifYtheyYtakeYnotesYonY
theYlecture‘sYcontent.
WhichYoneYofYtheYfollowingYcommonYsayingsYbestYreflectsYtheYconce
ptYofYintrospection?
―WhereYthere‘sYaYwill,Ythere‘sYaYway.‖
―NothingYventured,YnothingYgained.‖
―AYpennyYforYyourYthoughts.‖
―OldYhabitsYdieYhard.‖
WhichYoneYofYtheYfollowingYcommonYsayingsYbestYreflectsYtheYbasi
cYpremiseYunderlyingYsocialYlearningYtheory?
―MonkeyYsee,YmonkeyYdo.‖
―SpareYtheYrodYandYspoilYtheYchild.‖
―AYfriendYinYneedYisYaYfriendYindeed.‖
―AYrollingYstoneYgathersYnoYmoss.‖
WhichYoneYofYtheYfollowingYstatementsYprovidesYtheYmostYcredibleYexpl
anationYforYtheYfactYthatYhumanYbeingsYseemYtoYsurpassYallYotherYanimalYsp
eciesYinYtheirYthinkingYandYlearningYcapacities?
OnlyYhumanYbeingsYhaveYtheYcapabilityYtoYmakeYtools.
HumansYcommunicateYregularlyYwithYoneYanotherYand,YinYdoingYs
o,YpassYalongYwhatYthey‘veYlearnedYtoYfutureYgenerations.
HumanYbeingsYhaveYaYhugeYrepertoireYofYinstinctualYbehaviorsYfro
mYwhichYtheyYcanYdrawYwhenYtheyYencounterYnewYexperiences.
HumanYbrainsYareYsmallerYthanYthoseYofYotherYintelligentYspeciesY(e.g.,
Yelephants,Ydolphins)YandYthereforeYcanYtransmitYmessagesYmoreYquick
lyYandYefficiently.
4
