National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale
v c vc vc vc v c v
(NIHSS)
c
NES ELEMENTARY EDUCATION SUBTEST 1 Q AND
A
thevctoolsvcofvccommunicationvcchildrenvcusevctovcformvctheirvcunderstandingvcofvcthevcwordvc-vcanswer--
reading,vcwriting,vclistening,vcandvcspeaking
Competencyvc1vc-vcanswer--
demonstratevcanvcunderstandingvcofvcthevcfoundationsvcofvclanguagevcdevelopment,vcoralvclanguagevcskills,vclisteningvc
mprehensionvcskills,vcandvcphonologicalvcandvcphonemicvcawareness.
Informalvcconversationsvc-vcanswer--Timevctovctalkvcaboutvcthingsvcthatvcinterestvcandvcexcitevcchildren.
Languagevcplayvc-vcanswer--
Exploringvcrhythms,vcsounds,vcandvctonesvcthatvcyoungvcchildrenvcdelightvcinvcasvctheyvcworkvcandvcplay.
Rhymesvcandvcsongvc-vcanswer--Experiencesvcrichvcinvcrhythmvcandvcrhymevcencouragevcchildrenvctovcplayvcwithvcwords
Storiesvc-vcanswer--Childrenvcdiscovervcnewvcwordsvcandvcmeaningsvcasvctheyvclistenvctovcgoodvcstoriesvc—
vceithervctoldvcorvcreadvcaloud.
Groupvctalkvc-vcanswer--
Timesvcduringvcthevcdayvcwhenvcconventionsvcofvcsharedvcconversationsvcarevclearnedvcandvcpracticed.
Becausevcthisvcentirevcperiodvcbetweenvcbirthvcandvcthevcearlyvcelementaryvcschoolvcyearsvchelpsvcpreparevcchildrenvcwi
cthevcskillsvcimportantvcforvcconventionalvcliteracy,vcwevcrefervctovcthisvccriticalvcstagevcofvclanguagevcdevelopment vcasvc__
__vc_____.vc-vcanswer--EmergentvcLiteracy
Thevckeyvcisvctovcmakevcreadingvcandvcwritingvc_____vctovcthevceverydayvclifevcofvcthevcclassroomvcandvctovcmakevcliteracy
ctivitiesvc_____vctovceachvcchild.vc-vcanswer--fundamental,vcrelevant
_____vcandvc_____vctovcwhatvcthevcchildrenvchavevctovcsayvcandvctheyvcwillvclearnvctovcdovcthevcsame.vc-vcanswer--
listen,vcrespond
LEAvc-vcanswer--LanguagevcExperiencevcApproach
DictatedvcStoriesvc-vcanswer--LEA
alliterationvc-vcanswer--
usevcofvcthevcsamevcconsonantvcatvcthevcbeginningvcofvceachvcstressedvcsyllablevcinvcavclinevcofvcverse
languagevcdelayvc-vcanswer--
Therevcarevcmanyvcfactorsvcthatvccausevclanguagevcdelay,vcbothvcenvironmentalvcandvcphysical.vcCommonvcconditionsv
cludevcinadequatevclanguagevcstimulationvc(neithervctalkingvctovcnorvcplayingvcwithvcthevcchild);vcdelayedvcgeneralvcdeve
pment;vcparents/
guardiansvcorvcsiblingsvcwhovcoftenvctalkvcforvcthevcchild;vcmedicalvcandvcphysicalvcproblems;vcfamilyvchistoryvcofvclangua
vcdelay;vclearningvcdisabilities;vcandvcautismvcspectrumvcdisordersvc(ASD).
1vc/
vc19
, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale
v c vc vc vc v c v
(NIHSS)
c
ASDvc-vcanswer--AutismvcSpectrumvcDisorders
Listeningvccanvcbevcdescribedvcasvcpartvcofvcanvcactivevccommunicationvcprocessvcthatvcinvolvesvc_____,vc_____,vcandvc
___vctovcverbalvcinput.vc-vcanswer--receiving,vcinterpreting,vcresponding
Thevcthreevcstepsvcinvcthevclisteningvcprocessvcarevc_____,vc_____,vcandvc_____vcmeaning.vc-vcanswer--
receiving,vcattending,vcassigningvcmeaning
Studentsvccanvcbevcgivenvcopportunitiesvctovcdevelopvcandvcpracticevclisteningvcskillsvcduringvcthreevcphasesvcofvcthevclist
ingvcprocess:vc_____,vc_____vcandvc_____vc.vc-vcanswer--pre-listening,vcduringvclistening,vcaftervclistening
discriminativevclisteningvc-vcanswer--distinguishingvcbeginningvcconsonantvcsounds,vcforvcexample
aestheticvclisteningvc-vcanswer--forvcenjoyment
criticalvclisteningvc-vcanswer--tovcevaluatevcavcmessage
efferentvclisteningvc-vcanswer--tovcunderstandvcavcmessage
phonologicalvc-vcanswer--
thevcstudyvcofvcthevcsoundvcsystemvcofvcavcgivenvclanguagevcandvcthevcanalysisvcandvcclassificationvcofvcitsvcphonemes
phonemevc-vcanswer--
(linguistics)vconevcofvcavcsmallvcsetvcofvcspeechvcsoundsvcthatvcarevcdistinguishedvcbyvcthevcspeakersvcofvcavcparticularvcla
uage
Phonologicalvcawarenessvc-vcanswer--
anvcunderstandingvcthatvcwordsvcarevccomposedvcofvcsoundvcunitsvcandvcthatvcsoundvcunitsvccanvcbevccombinedvctovcform
words.
graphemesvc-vcanswer--avcwrittenvcsymbolvcthatvcisvcusedvctovcrepresentvcspeech
orthographyvc-vcanswer--avcmethodvcofvcrepresentingvcthevcsoundsvcofvcavclanguagevcbyvcwrittenvcorvcprintedvcsymbols
Phonologicalvcawarenessvc-vcanswer--
thevcawarenessvcthatvclanguagevcisvccomposedvcofvcsoundsvcandvcthevcunderstandingvcofvcthevcrelationshipvcofvcthesevcs
unds,vcsuchvcasvcrhymingvcandvcidentifyingvcsoundvcunitsvcsuchvcasvcwordsvcinvcsentences,vcsyllables,vconsets,vcandvcrim
s.
Avc______vcisvcavcbasicvcunitvcofvcspeechvcsoundsvcthatvccanvcbevcdividedvcintovctwovcparts—onsetsvcandvcrimes.vc-
vcanswer--syllable
onsetvc-vcanswer--thevcconsonantvcsoundvcthatvcprecedesvcthevcvowelvcofvcthevcsyllable
rimevc-vcanswer--thevcvowelvcandvcanyvcconsonantvcsoundvcthatvcfollowsvcthevconset.
PhonemicvcAwarenessvc-vcanswer--
refersvctovcthevcabilityvctovcfocusvcon,vchear,vcidentify,vcandvcmanipulatevcphonemes,vcorvcthevcindividualvcsoundsvcthatvcm
evcupvcspokenvcwords.
2vc/
vc19
, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale
v c vc vc vc v c v
(NIHSS)
c
Phonemevcsegmentationvc-vcanswer--isvcavcchild'svcabilityvctovcrecognizevcthevcseparatevcsoundvcunitsvcofvcwords
phonemevcblendingvc-vcanswer--
isvcavcchild'svcabilityvctovcstringvctogethervcphonemesvcinvcavcmeaningfulvcwayvctovccreatevcwords.
StandardvcAmericanvcEnglishvccontainsvcaboutvc_____vcbasicvcphonemes,vcalthoughvcdifferencesvcinvcregionalvcpronun
ationvcandvcdialectvccanvcgeneratevcmore.vc-vcanswer--42
Onevcwouldvcexpectvcthatvcsincevctherevcarevc26vclettersvcinvcthevcalphabetvcthatvctherevcwouldvcbevconlyvc_____vcphonem
.vc-vcanswer--26
Phonemevcisolationvc-vcanswer--—
recognizingvcthevcindividualvcsoundsvcinvcwords.vcForvcexample,vc"Tellvcmevcthevcfirstvcsoundvcyouvchearvcinvcthevcwordvcto
c(/t/)."
Phonemevcidentity—vc-vcanswer--
recognizingvcthevccommonvcsoundvcinvcdifferentvcwords.vcForvcexample,vc"Tellvcmevcthevcsoundvcthatvcisvcthevcsamevcinvcp
,vcpot,vcandvcpievc(/p/)."
Phonemevcsubstitution—vc-vcanswer--
turningvconevcwordvcintovcanothervcbyvcsubstitutingvconevcphonemevcforvcanother.vcPhonemevcsubstitutionvccanvctakevcp
evcforvcinitialvcsoundsvc(top-mop),vcmiddlevcsoundsvc(top-tap)vcorvcendingvcsoundsvc(top-tot).
Oralvcsegmenting—vc-vcanswer--
identifyingvcthevcindividualvcsoundsvcofvcavcword.vcForvcexample,vcknowingvcthatvcthevcwordvctopvcisvccomposedvcofvcthevcp
onemesvc/t/,vc/o/,vcandvc/p/.
Oralvcblending—vc-vcanswer--
beingvcablevctovcblendvcphonemesvcintovcwords.vcForvcexample,vcifvcthevcteachervcsaysvcthevcphonemesvc/t/,vc/o/,vc/
p/,vcthevcchildrenvcrespondvcwithvcthevcwordvctop.
Phonemevcdeletion—vc-vcanswer--
beingvcablevctovcidentifyvcavcsoundvcthatvchasvcbeenvcdeletedvcfromvcavcword.vcForvcexample,vcthevcteachervcsaysvcthevcwo
vctopvcandvcasksvcthevcchildrenvctovcrepeatvcit.vcThenvchevcorvcshevcinstructsvcthevcchildrenvctovcrepeatvcthevcwordvcwithoutv
sound.
_____vc_____vc_____vcisvcavctermvcusedvctovccharacterizevcthevcknowledgevcthatvcemergentvcreadersvchavevcaboutvchow
printedvclanguagevcworksvcandvchowvcprintvccanvcbevcusedvctovcrepresentvclanguage.vc-vcanswer--Conceptsvcofvcprint
Conceptsvcofvcprintvcarevcfundamentalvcunderstandingsvcimportantvctovcbecomingvcliteratevcandvcincludevcliteracyvcconv
tionsvcsuchvcasvc-vcanswer--Holdingvcavcbookvcthevcrightvcway
Turningvcthevcpagesvcfromvcrightvctovcleft
Knowingvcwherevctovcbeginvcreadingvconvcavcpage
Movingvcone'svceyesvcfromvcleftvctovcrightvcandvcthenvctovcgoingvcbackvctovcthevcbeginningvcofvcthevcnextvclinevcdown
Knowingvcthatvcpagesvcarevcreadvcfromvctopvctovcbottom
Understandingvcthatvcbooksvchavevcavcfrontvcandvcback
Teachersvccanvcpromotevcemergentvcliteracyvcskillsvcwhenvcthey:vc-vcanswer--
Modelvcwhatvcreadersvcdovcwhenvctheyvcreadvcavctextvcaloud.
Pointvctovcwordsvcasvctheyvcread.
Explainvcwhatvcthevcpunctuationvcisvcfor.
3vc/
vc19
v c vc vc vc v c v
(NIHSS)
c
NES ELEMENTARY EDUCATION SUBTEST 1 Q AND
A
thevctoolsvcofvccommunicationvcchildrenvcusevctovcformvctheirvcunderstandingvcofvcthevcwordvc-vcanswer--
reading,vcwriting,vclistening,vcandvcspeaking
Competencyvc1vc-vcanswer--
demonstratevcanvcunderstandingvcofvcthevcfoundationsvcofvclanguagevcdevelopment,vcoralvclanguagevcskills,vclisteningvc
mprehensionvcskills,vcandvcphonologicalvcandvcphonemicvcawareness.
Informalvcconversationsvc-vcanswer--Timevctovctalkvcaboutvcthingsvcthatvcinterestvcandvcexcitevcchildren.
Languagevcplayvc-vcanswer--
Exploringvcrhythms,vcsounds,vcandvctonesvcthatvcyoungvcchildrenvcdelightvcinvcasvctheyvcworkvcandvcplay.
Rhymesvcandvcsongvc-vcanswer--Experiencesvcrichvcinvcrhythmvcandvcrhymevcencouragevcchildrenvctovcplayvcwithvcwords
Storiesvc-vcanswer--Childrenvcdiscovervcnewvcwordsvcandvcmeaningsvcasvctheyvclistenvctovcgoodvcstoriesvc—
vceithervctoldvcorvcreadvcaloud.
Groupvctalkvc-vcanswer--
Timesvcduringvcthevcdayvcwhenvcconventionsvcofvcsharedvcconversationsvcarevclearnedvcandvcpracticed.
Becausevcthisvcentirevcperiodvcbetweenvcbirthvcandvcthevcearlyvcelementaryvcschoolvcyearsvchelpsvcpreparevcchildrenvcwi
cthevcskillsvcimportantvcforvcconventionalvcliteracy,vcwevcrefervctovcthisvccriticalvcstagevcofvclanguagevcdevelopment vcasvc__
__vc_____.vc-vcanswer--EmergentvcLiteracy
Thevckeyvcisvctovcmakevcreadingvcandvcwritingvc_____vctovcthevceverydayvclifevcofvcthevcclassroomvcandvctovcmakevcliteracy
ctivitiesvc_____vctovceachvcchild.vc-vcanswer--fundamental,vcrelevant
_____vcandvc_____vctovcwhatvcthevcchildrenvchavevctovcsayvcandvctheyvcwillvclearnvctovcdovcthevcsame.vc-vcanswer--
listen,vcrespond
LEAvc-vcanswer--LanguagevcExperiencevcApproach
DictatedvcStoriesvc-vcanswer--LEA
alliterationvc-vcanswer--
usevcofvcthevcsamevcconsonantvcatvcthevcbeginningvcofvceachvcstressedvcsyllablevcinvcavclinevcofvcverse
languagevcdelayvc-vcanswer--
Therevcarevcmanyvcfactorsvcthatvccausevclanguagevcdelay,vcbothvcenvironmentalvcandvcphysical.vcCommonvcconditionsv
cludevcinadequatevclanguagevcstimulationvc(neithervctalkingvctovcnorvcplayingvcwithvcthevcchild);vcdelayedvcgeneralvcdeve
pment;vcparents/
guardiansvcorvcsiblingsvcwhovcoftenvctalkvcforvcthevcchild;vcmedicalvcandvcphysicalvcproblems;vcfamilyvchistoryvcofvclangua
vcdelay;vclearningvcdisabilities;vcandvcautismvcspectrumvcdisordersvc(ASD).
1vc/
vc19
, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale
v c vc vc vc v c v
(NIHSS)
c
ASDvc-vcanswer--AutismvcSpectrumvcDisorders
Listeningvccanvcbevcdescribedvcasvcpartvcofvcanvcactivevccommunicationvcprocessvcthatvcinvolvesvc_____,vc_____,vcandvc
___vctovcverbalvcinput.vc-vcanswer--receiving,vcinterpreting,vcresponding
Thevcthreevcstepsvcinvcthevclisteningvcprocessvcarevc_____,vc_____,vcandvc_____vcmeaning.vc-vcanswer--
receiving,vcattending,vcassigningvcmeaning
Studentsvccanvcbevcgivenvcopportunitiesvctovcdevelopvcandvcpracticevclisteningvcskillsvcduringvcthreevcphasesvcofvcthevclist
ingvcprocess:vc_____,vc_____vcandvc_____vc.vc-vcanswer--pre-listening,vcduringvclistening,vcaftervclistening
discriminativevclisteningvc-vcanswer--distinguishingvcbeginningvcconsonantvcsounds,vcforvcexample
aestheticvclisteningvc-vcanswer--forvcenjoyment
criticalvclisteningvc-vcanswer--tovcevaluatevcavcmessage
efferentvclisteningvc-vcanswer--tovcunderstandvcavcmessage
phonologicalvc-vcanswer--
thevcstudyvcofvcthevcsoundvcsystemvcofvcavcgivenvclanguagevcandvcthevcanalysisvcandvcclassificationvcofvcitsvcphonemes
phonemevc-vcanswer--
(linguistics)vconevcofvcavcsmallvcsetvcofvcspeechvcsoundsvcthatvcarevcdistinguishedvcbyvcthevcspeakersvcofvcavcparticularvcla
uage
Phonologicalvcawarenessvc-vcanswer--
anvcunderstandingvcthatvcwordsvcarevccomposedvcofvcsoundvcunitsvcandvcthatvcsoundvcunitsvccanvcbevccombinedvctovcform
words.
graphemesvc-vcanswer--avcwrittenvcsymbolvcthatvcisvcusedvctovcrepresentvcspeech
orthographyvc-vcanswer--avcmethodvcofvcrepresentingvcthevcsoundsvcofvcavclanguagevcbyvcwrittenvcorvcprintedvcsymbols
Phonologicalvcawarenessvc-vcanswer--
thevcawarenessvcthatvclanguagevcisvccomposedvcofvcsoundsvcandvcthevcunderstandingvcofvcthevcrelationshipvcofvcthesevcs
unds,vcsuchvcasvcrhymingvcandvcidentifyingvcsoundvcunitsvcsuchvcasvcwordsvcinvcsentences,vcsyllables,vconsets,vcandvcrim
s.
Avc______vcisvcavcbasicvcunitvcofvcspeechvcsoundsvcthatvccanvcbevcdividedvcintovctwovcparts—onsetsvcandvcrimes.vc-
vcanswer--syllable
onsetvc-vcanswer--thevcconsonantvcsoundvcthatvcprecedesvcthevcvowelvcofvcthevcsyllable
rimevc-vcanswer--thevcvowelvcandvcanyvcconsonantvcsoundvcthatvcfollowsvcthevconset.
PhonemicvcAwarenessvc-vcanswer--
refersvctovcthevcabilityvctovcfocusvcon,vchear,vcidentify,vcandvcmanipulatevcphonemes,vcorvcthevcindividualvcsoundsvcthatvcm
evcupvcspokenvcwords.
2vc/
vc19
, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale
v c vc vc vc v c v
(NIHSS)
c
Phonemevcsegmentationvc-vcanswer--isvcavcchild'svcabilityvctovcrecognizevcthevcseparatevcsoundvcunitsvcofvcwords
phonemevcblendingvc-vcanswer--
isvcavcchild'svcabilityvctovcstringvctogethervcphonemesvcinvcavcmeaningfulvcwayvctovccreatevcwords.
StandardvcAmericanvcEnglishvccontainsvcaboutvc_____vcbasicvcphonemes,vcalthoughvcdifferencesvcinvcregionalvcpronun
ationvcandvcdialectvccanvcgeneratevcmore.vc-vcanswer--42
Onevcwouldvcexpectvcthatvcsincevctherevcarevc26vclettersvcinvcthevcalphabetvcthatvctherevcwouldvcbevconlyvc_____vcphonem
.vc-vcanswer--26
Phonemevcisolationvc-vcanswer--—
recognizingvcthevcindividualvcsoundsvcinvcwords.vcForvcexample,vc"Tellvcmevcthevcfirstvcsoundvcyouvchearvcinvcthevcwordvcto
c(/t/)."
Phonemevcidentity—vc-vcanswer--
recognizingvcthevccommonvcsoundvcinvcdifferentvcwords.vcForvcexample,vc"Tellvcmevcthevcsoundvcthatvcisvcthevcsamevcinvcp
,vcpot,vcandvcpievc(/p/)."
Phonemevcsubstitution—vc-vcanswer--
turningvconevcwordvcintovcanothervcbyvcsubstitutingvconevcphonemevcforvcanother.vcPhonemevcsubstitutionvccanvctakevcp
evcforvcinitialvcsoundsvc(top-mop),vcmiddlevcsoundsvc(top-tap)vcorvcendingvcsoundsvc(top-tot).
Oralvcsegmenting—vc-vcanswer--
identifyingvcthevcindividualvcsoundsvcofvcavcword.vcForvcexample,vcknowingvcthatvcthevcwordvctopvcisvccomposedvcofvcthevcp
onemesvc/t/,vc/o/,vcandvc/p/.
Oralvcblending—vc-vcanswer--
beingvcablevctovcblendvcphonemesvcintovcwords.vcForvcexample,vcifvcthevcteachervcsaysvcthevcphonemesvc/t/,vc/o/,vc/
p/,vcthevcchildrenvcrespondvcwithvcthevcwordvctop.
Phonemevcdeletion—vc-vcanswer--
beingvcablevctovcidentifyvcavcsoundvcthatvchasvcbeenvcdeletedvcfromvcavcword.vcForvcexample,vcthevcteachervcsaysvcthevcwo
vctopvcandvcasksvcthevcchildrenvctovcrepeatvcit.vcThenvchevcorvcshevcinstructsvcthevcchildrenvctovcrepeatvcthevcwordvcwithoutv
sound.
_____vc_____vc_____vcisvcavctermvcusedvctovccharacterizevcthevcknowledgevcthatvcemergentvcreadersvchavevcaboutvchow
printedvclanguagevcworksvcandvchowvcprintvccanvcbevcusedvctovcrepresentvclanguage.vc-vcanswer--Conceptsvcofvcprint
Conceptsvcofvcprintvcarevcfundamentalvcunderstandingsvcimportantvctovcbecomingvcliteratevcandvcincludevcliteracyvcconv
tionsvcsuchvcasvc-vcanswer--Holdingvcavcbookvcthevcrightvcway
Turningvcthevcpagesvcfromvcrightvctovcleft
Knowingvcwherevctovcbeginvcreadingvconvcavcpage
Movingvcone'svceyesvcfromvcleftvctovcrightvcandvcthenvctovcgoingvcbackvctovcthevcbeginningvcofvcthevcnextvclinevcdown
Knowingvcthatvcpagesvcarevcreadvcfromvctopvctovcbottom
Understandingvcthatvcbooksvchavevcavcfrontvcandvcback
Teachersvccanvcpromotevcemergentvcliteracyvcskillsvcwhenvcthey:vc-vcanswer--
Modelvcwhatvcreadersvcdovcwhenvctheyvcreadvcavctextvcaloud.
Pointvctovcwordsvcasvctheyvcread.
Explainvcwhatvcthevcpunctuationvcisvcfor.
3vc/
vc19
