NR 503 EPIDEMIOLOGY FINAL EXAM
2025 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Cultural Awareness - ANS :Self-examination of one's own prejudices and biases toward other
cultures. An in-depth exploration of one's own cultural/ethnic background.
Cultural competence in nursing consists of four principles. - ANS Care is designed for the
specific client.
Care is based on the uniqueness of the person's culture and includes cultural norms and values.
Care includes self-employment strategies to facilitate client decision making to improve health
behaviors.
Care is provided with sensitivity and is based on the cultural uniqueness of clients.
The APN may also use the Kleinman Explanatory Model of Illness (1978). Below are the
questions that can be utilized. - ANS What do you call your problem?
What do you think caused your problem?
Why do you think it started when it did?
What does your sickness do to you?
What do you fear most about your sickness?
What are the chief problems your sickness has caused you?
What kind of treatment do you think you should receive?
What is the most important result you hope to receive from the treatment?
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, According to Giger and Davidhizer (2000), although cultures differ, they all have the same basic
organizing factors that must be assessed in order to provide care for culturally diverse patients.
These factors include - ANS communication (verbal and nonverbal);
personal space;
social organization;
time perception;
environmental control; and
biological variations.
The NCCC uses four major approaches to fulfill its mission, including - ANS Web-based
technical assistance, (2) knowledge development and dissemination, (3) supporting a
community of learners, and (4) collaboration and partnerships with diverse groups.
Epidemiological Triad: - ANS host, agent, environment
Genetics - ANS The study of individual genes and their impact on relatively rare single gene
disorders
Absolute risk - ANS is the probability of an event, such as illness, injury, or death. Gives no
indication of how its magnitude compares with others
The odds ratio - ANS closely approximates the relative risk if the disease is rare.
Odds ratio and the relative risk are used - ANS to assess the strength of association between
risk factor and outcome.
How is Attributible risk used - ANS is used to make risk-based decisions for individuals.
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Population-attributable risk measures - ANS are used to form public health decisions
@COPYRIGHT @THEBRIGHT 2025/2026
, EGAPP: - ANS Evaluation of Genomic Applications in Practice and Prevention
GAPPNet - ANS Genomic Applications in Practice and Prevention Network (established in
2009) is a collaborative initiative involving partners from across the public health sector
working together to realize the promise of genomics in health care and disease prevention.
GEDDI - ANS Genetics Early Disease Detection Intervention project (GEDDI) (established in
2009) developed a model strategy for using clinical, genetic, and family history information to
reduce the risk of disease, death, and disability in affected individuals, family members, and
populations.
HuGENet - ANS Human Genome Epidemiology Network (HuGENet) (established in 1998)
helps translate genetic research findings into opportunities for preventive medicines and public
health by advancing the synthesis, interpretation, and dissemination of population-based data
on human genetic variation in health and disease. HuGENet reviews are systematic, peer-
reviewed synopses of the epidemiologic aspects of human genes, including prevalence of allelic
variants in different populations, population-based information on disease risk, evidence for
gene-environment interaction and quantitative data on genetic tests and services carried out
according to specific guidelines.
NHANES III - ANS DC's Office of Public Health Genomics (established in 2002) formed a
multidisciplinary working group with members from across CDC. It developed a proposal to
measure the prevalence of selected genetic variants of public health significance in a
representative sample of the U.S. population and to examine the association between the
selected genetic variants and disease outcomes available in NHANES III data.
The World Health Organization defines a pandemic - ANS as a global epidemic that spreads
to more than one continent (WHO, 2009). One of the more recent pandemics that you might be
familiar with is the H1N1 influenza outbreak of 2009.
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@COPYRIGHT @THEBRIGHT 2025/2026
, Outbreak - ANS the occurrence of disease within persons in excess of what would normally
be expected in a clearly defined community, location, or time of year. An outbreak may only
last for a matter of days or weeks, but may last for years
Quarantine - ANS the separation and restriction of the movement of people who were or are
exposed to a contagious disease for a set period of time, to see whether they become ill
Antigenic drift - ANS is a term describing the changes that occur within virus's ribonucleic
acid that changes the virus. Typically, these changes create seasonal changes or new strains of a
virus
WHO Pandemic Phases - ANS Phase 1—None of the current viruses circulating in animals
have been reported to cause infection in humans.
Phase 2—An animal-based influenza virus is known to have caused infection in humans and is
considered a potential pandemic threat.
Phase 3—An animal- or human-animal-based virus has caused some clusters of cases in people,
but has not caused human-to-human transmission that is significant enough to cause
community-level outbreaks.
Phase 4—Human-to-human transmission of an animal or human-animal virus is causing
community outbreaks and sustained disease. This is a significant shift in risk and any country
with such an outbreak should consult with WHO.
Phase 5—There is human-to-human spread of the virus in at least two countries. This phase
means that pandemic is imminent and that community action and implementation of planned
mitigation procedures is needed.
Phase 6—This is the pandemic phase, characterized by outbreaks in more than one WHO
defined region in addition to all Phase 5 criteria (WHO, 2009)
Phase 1 - ANS None of the current viruses circulating in animals have been reported to cause
infection in humans.
Phase 2 - ANS An animal-based influenza virus is known to have caused infection in humans
4
and is considered a potential pandemic threat.
Page
@COPYRIGHT @THEBRIGHT 2025/2026
2025 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Cultural Awareness - ANS :Self-examination of one's own prejudices and biases toward other
cultures. An in-depth exploration of one's own cultural/ethnic background.
Cultural competence in nursing consists of four principles. - ANS Care is designed for the
specific client.
Care is based on the uniqueness of the person's culture and includes cultural norms and values.
Care includes self-employment strategies to facilitate client decision making to improve health
behaviors.
Care is provided with sensitivity and is based on the cultural uniqueness of clients.
The APN may also use the Kleinman Explanatory Model of Illness (1978). Below are the
questions that can be utilized. - ANS What do you call your problem?
What do you think caused your problem?
Why do you think it started when it did?
What does your sickness do to you?
What do you fear most about your sickness?
What are the chief problems your sickness has caused you?
What kind of treatment do you think you should receive?
What is the most important result you hope to receive from the treatment?
1
Page
@COPYRIGHT @THEBRIGHT 2025/2026
, According to Giger and Davidhizer (2000), although cultures differ, they all have the same basic
organizing factors that must be assessed in order to provide care for culturally diverse patients.
These factors include - ANS communication (verbal and nonverbal);
personal space;
social organization;
time perception;
environmental control; and
biological variations.
The NCCC uses four major approaches to fulfill its mission, including - ANS Web-based
technical assistance, (2) knowledge development and dissemination, (3) supporting a
community of learners, and (4) collaboration and partnerships with diverse groups.
Epidemiological Triad: - ANS host, agent, environment
Genetics - ANS The study of individual genes and their impact on relatively rare single gene
disorders
Absolute risk - ANS is the probability of an event, such as illness, injury, or death. Gives no
indication of how its magnitude compares with others
The odds ratio - ANS closely approximates the relative risk if the disease is rare.
Odds ratio and the relative risk are used - ANS to assess the strength of association between
risk factor and outcome.
How is Attributible risk used - ANS is used to make risk-based decisions for individuals.
2
Page
Population-attributable risk measures - ANS are used to form public health decisions
@COPYRIGHT @THEBRIGHT 2025/2026
, EGAPP: - ANS Evaluation of Genomic Applications in Practice and Prevention
GAPPNet - ANS Genomic Applications in Practice and Prevention Network (established in
2009) is a collaborative initiative involving partners from across the public health sector
working together to realize the promise of genomics in health care and disease prevention.
GEDDI - ANS Genetics Early Disease Detection Intervention project (GEDDI) (established in
2009) developed a model strategy for using clinical, genetic, and family history information to
reduce the risk of disease, death, and disability in affected individuals, family members, and
populations.
HuGENet - ANS Human Genome Epidemiology Network (HuGENet) (established in 1998)
helps translate genetic research findings into opportunities for preventive medicines and public
health by advancing the synthesis, interpretation, and dissemination of population-based data
on human genetic variation in health and disease. HuGENet reviews are systematic, peer-
reviewed synopses of the epidemiologic aspects of human genes, including prevalence of allelic
variants in different populations, population-based information on disease risk, evidence for
gene-environment interaction and quantitative data on genetic tests and services carried out
according to specific guidelines.
NHANES III - ANS DC's Office of Public Health Genomics (established in 2002) formed a
multidisciplinary working group with members from across CDC. It developed a proposal to
measure the prevalence of selected genetic variants of public health significance in a
representative sample of the U.S. population and to examine the association between the
selected genetic variants and disease outcomes available in NHANES III data.
The World Health Organization defines a pandemic - ANS as a global epidemic that spreads
to more than one continent (WHO, 2009). One of the more recent pandemics that you might be
familiar with is the H1N1 influenza outbreak of 2009.
3
Page
@COPYRIGHT @THEBRIGHT 2025/2026
, Outbreak - ANS the occurrence of disease within persons in excess of what would normally
be expected in a clearly defined community, location, or time of year. An outbreak may only
last for a matter of days or weeks, but may last for years
Quarantine - ANS the separation and restriction of the movement of people who were or are
exposed to a contagious disease for a set period of time, to see whether they become ill
Antigenic drift - ANS is a term describing the changes that occur within virus's ribonucleic
acid that changes the virus. Typically, these changes create seasonal changes or new strains of a
virus
WHO Pandemic Phases - ANS Phase 1—None of the current viruses circulating in animals
have been reported to cause infection in humans.
Phase 2—An animal-based influenza virus is known to have caused infection in humans and is
considered a potential pandemic threat.
Phase 3—An animal- or human-animal-based virus has caused some clusters of cases in people,
but has not caused human-to-human transmission that is significant enough to cause
community-level outbreaks.
Phase 4—Human-to-human transmission of an animal or human-animal virus is causing
community outbreaks and sustained disease. This is a significant shift in risk and any country
with such an outbreak should consult with WHO.
Phase 5—There is human-to-human spread of the virus in at least two countries. This phase
means that pandemic is imminent and that community action and implementation of planned
mitigation procedures is needed.
Phase 6—This is the pandemic phase, characterized by outbreaks in more than one WHO
defined region in addition to all Phase 5 criteria (WHO, 2009)
Phase 1 - ANS None of the current viruses circulating in animals have been reported to cause
infection in humans.
Phase 2 - ANS An animal-based influenza virus is known to have caused infection in humans
4
and is considered a potential pandemic threat.
Page
@COPYRIGHT @THEBRIGHT 2025/2026
