Integration
NMR Spectroscopy * area under peaks #
* area under signal proportional to no .
0TH atoms present
* integration device scant area under peaks
Theory Chemical Shift * lines on spectrum show relative abundance 01 each H tape told
* All nuclei possess charge + mass Those WI odd
. * each proton tape said to be chemically shifted relative to standard limit
mass no .
/ odd atomic no.
possess spin Impaired A CS :
difference between field strength at which it absorbs 1- field strength at How to work our simple ratios :
protons ) which TMS protons absorb * Measure how much integration line rises
* A nucleus v10 spin can't be detected by NMR # A S scale widely used as means or reporting CS 's * compare relative values + worn our simple ratio btwn them
spinning charge * Got proton constant under same conditions * Doesn't provide actual
'
* e. g. H behaves as a + generates no . or H's , just ratio #
magnetic field When placed in externally applied A H 's Mt
'
.
near to electro
ve species are shifted
-
'
downfield to values
field can align w/ or against field
LOW Rest High
-
* Energy difference btwn lsrares depends on Factors that affect it : Res
applied field * Shielding : electrons generate own magnetic field →
opposes applied field A LOW res =
/ peak for each environmentally dirt
* energy required to
'
push nuclei against field
'
↳ µ field experienced at nucleus electron shield proton
,
group of protons
→ radio waves * * Less shielding 11^01 when electro re group, arracnro c- Hit electron
- denial A High rel more complex signals
=
* signal produced indicates no .
Or protons on adjacent
C. atoms
Tetra methyl silane Multiplicity
* provides reference signal in order to compare All other NMR signal w/ * * spurring pawernorpean in high resume determined
E. g. 1- bro MOPVOPANC
Why is it used ? : '
Intl rule
by 1-1
Pr
i
* non-toxic liquid sale route * Pean whose protons g- "
¥
have n adjacent protons
-
"
§
" -
A inert doesn't react w/ IOMDOUAU analysed will be split into ntl peak , 1,
-
,
A low bpt distilled ottt Used again µ
€
-
|
As an H chemically laui Valent -
single peak * 1 neighbouring H → 2 peaks
"
doublet
" ^ ^
I
" }
☒ 111-1 → intense peak -
don't need to use much * 1 neighbouring H's → 3 peak,
"
triplet
"
"
* signal outside range shown by most protons -
won't obscure main signals *
3 neighbouring H's → 4 peaks "
quartet
"
n
A chemical shift → 8=0 A 5 peaks
v2
"
↳ neighbouring H 's →
quintet
A position 01 all other signals measured to TMI
9+3 * H lets deshillded than in
Si CH , Organic compound → Si µ
Hic
- -
In electronegative man ( *
,
NMR Spectroscopy * area under peaks #
* area under signal proportional to no .
0TH atoms present
* integration device scant area under peaks
Theory Chemical Shift * lines on spectrum show relative abundance 01 each H tape told
* All nuclei possess charge + mass Those WI odd
. * each proton tape said to be chemically shifted relative to standard limit
mass no .
/ odd atomic no.
possess spin Impaired A CS :
difference between field strength at which it absorbs 1- field strength at How to work our simple ratios :
protons ) which TMS protons absorb * Measure how much integration line rises
* A nucleus v10 spin can't be detected by NMR # A S scale widely used as means or reporting CS 's * compare relative values + worn our simple ratio btwn them
spinning charge * Got proton constant under same conditions * Doesn't provide actual
'
* e. g. H behaves as a + generates no . or H's , just ratio #
magnetic field When placed in externally applied A H 's Mt
'
.
near to electro
ve species are shifted
-
'
downfield to values
field can align w/ or against field
LOW Rest High
-
* Energy difference btwn lsrares depends on Factors that affect it : Res
applied field * Shielding : electrons generate own magnetic field →
opposes applied field A LOW res =
/ peak for each environmentally dirt
* energy required to
'
push nuclei against field
'
↳ µ field experienced at nucleus electron shield proton
,
group of protons
→ radio waves * * Less shielding 11^01 when electro re group, arracnro c- Hit electron
- denial A High rel more complex signals
=
* signal produced indicates no .
Or protons on adjacent
C. atoms
Tetra methyl silane Multiplicity
* provides reference signal in order to compare All other NMR signal w/ * * spurring pawernorpean in high resume determined
E. g. 1- bro MOPVOPANC
Why is it used ? : '
Intl rule
by 1-1
Pr
i
* non-toxic liquid sale route * Pean whose protons g- "
¥
have n adjacent protons
-
"
§
" -
A inert doesn't react w/ IOMDOUAU analysed will be split into ntl peak , 1,
-
,
A low bpt distilled ottt Used again µ
€
-
|
As an H chemically laui Valent -
single peak * 1 neighbouring H → 2 peaks
"
doublet
" ^ ^
I
" }
☒ 111-1 → intense peak -
don't need to use much * 1 neighbouring H's → 3 peak,
"
triplet
"
"
* signal outside range shown by most protons -
won't obscure main signals *
3 neighbouring H's → 4 peaks "
quartet
"
n
A chemical shift → 8=0 A 5 peaks
v2
"
↳ neighbouring H 's →
quintet
A position 01 all other signals measured to TMI
9+3 * H lets deshillded than in
Si CH , Organic compound → Si µ
Hic
- -
In electronegative man ( *
,
