8/24/25, 7:03 PM D117 AP Psychology 1st Semester Exam Review
D117 AP Psychology 1st Semester Exam Review
latest version with complete questions
and accurate detailed answers \latest
update 2025-2026
threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that
chromosomes
contain the genes.
a complex molecule containing genetic information
DNA
that makes up the chromosomes.
the biochemical units of heredity that make up
genes chromosomes, a segment of DNA capable of
synthesizing a protein
the study of the relative power and limits of genetic
behavior genetics
and environmental influences on behavior.
every no genetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to
enviroment
the people and things around us.
: twins who developed from single zygote that splits
Identical twins
into two.
: twins who develop from separate eggs. Genetically
fraternal twins no closer than brothers and sisters but share a fetal
environment
the effect of one factor (such as environment)
interaction
depends on another factor (such as heredity)
1/37
,8/24/25, 7:03 PM D117 AP Psychology 1st Semester Exam Review
the subfield of biology that studies the molecular
molecular genetics
structure and function of genes.
the complete instructions for making an organism,
genome consisting of all the genetic material in its
chromosomes. (blue print)
the proportion of phenotypic variation (difference) in
heritability
a population attributable to genetic factors
a discussion of how genes and the environment
interact and how genes change to fit the environment;
evolutionary psychology
how traits that have led to survival are more likely to
be passed down
the process by which individuals that are better
adapted to their environment survive and reproduce
natural selection
more successfully than less well adapted individuals
do
Certain biological and behavioral variations increase
mutation organisms' reproductive and survival chances in their
particular environment
The minimum length of time after an action potential
absolute refractory period
during which another action potential cannot begin.
action potential A brief change in a neuron's electrical charge.
A chemical that mimics the action of a
agonist
neurotransmitter.
A chemical that opposes the action of a
antagonist
neurotransmitter.
autonomic nervous system The system of nerves that connect to the heart, blood
(ANS) vessels, smooth muscles, and glands.
A long, thin fiber that transmits signals away from the
axon neuron cell body to other neurons, or to muscles or
glands.
2/37
,8/24/25, 7:03 PM D117 AP Psychology 1st Semester Exam Review
central nervous system The brain and the spinal cord.
(CNS)
Branch of psychology concerned with the links
biological psychology
between biology and behavior
Branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialized to
dendrites
receive information.
Axons that carry information outward from the central
efferent nerve fibers
nervous system to the periphery of the body.
A group of glands that secrete chemicals into the
endocrine system
bloodstream that help control bodily functioning.
The chemical substances released by the endocrine
hormones
glands.
Bundles of neuron fibers (axons) that are routed
nerves
together in the peripheral nervous system.
Individual cells in the nervous system that receive,
neurons
integrate, and transmit information.
Chemicals that transmit information from one neuron
neurotransmitters
to another.
The branch of the autonomic nervous system that
parasympathetic division
generally conserves bodily resources.
All those nerves that lie outside the brain and spinal
peripheral nervous system
cord.
The "master gland" of the endocrine system; it
releases a great variety of hormones that fan out
pituitary gland
through the body, stimulating actions in the other
endocrine glands.
The stable, negative charge of a neuron when it is
resting potential
inactive.
A process in which neurotransmitters are sponged up
reuptake
from the synaptic cleft by the presynaptic membrane.
3/37
, 8/24/25, 7:03 PM D117 AP Psychology 1st Semester Exam Review
The system of nerves that connect to voluntary
somatic nervous system
skeletal muscles and to sensory receptors.
The branch of the autonomic nervous system that
sympathetic division
mobilizes the body's resources for emergencies.
A junction where information is transmitted from one
synapse
neuron to the next.
Carry incoming information from the sensory
sensory neurons
receptors to the brain and spinal cord
Carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal
motor neurons
cord to the muscles and glands
Neurons within the brain and spinal cord that
interneurons communicate internally and intervene between the
sensory inputs and motor outputs
Layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of
many neurons, enables vastly greater transmission
myelin sheath
speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from
one node to the next
Pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the
kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and
adrenal glands
norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of
stress.
a response of the whole organism, involving (1)
emotion physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and
(3) conscious experience.
the theory that our experience of emotion is our
James-Lange theory awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-
arousing stimuli.
the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus
Cannon-Bard theory simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses
and (2) the subjective experience of emotion.
4/37
D117 AP Psychology 1st Semester Exam Review
latest version with complete questions
and accurate detailed answers \latest
update 2025-2026
threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that
chromosomes
contain the genes.
a complex molecule containing genetic information
DNA
that makes up the chromosomes.
the biochemical units of heredity that make up
genes chromosomes, a segment of DNA capable of
synthesizing a protein
the study of the relative power and limits of genetic
behavior genetics
and environmental influences on behavior.
every no genetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to
enviroment
the people and things around us.
: twins who developed from single zygote that splits
Identical twins
into two.
: twins who develop from separate eggs. Genetically
fraternal twins no closer than brothers and sisters but share a fetal
environment
the effect of one factor (such as environment)
interaction
depends on another factor (such as heredity)
1/37
,8/24/25, 7:03 PM D117 AP Psychology 1st Semester Exam Review
the subfield of biology that studies the molecular
molecular genetics
structure and function of genes.
the complete instructions for making an organism,
genome consisting of all the genetic material in its
chromosomes. (blue print)
the proportion of phenotypic variation (difference) in
heritability
a population attributable to genetic factors
a discussion of how genes and the environment
interact and how genes change to fit the environment;
evolutionary psychology
how traits that have led to survival are more likely to
be passed down
the process by which individuals that are better
adapted to their environment survive and reproduce
natural selection
more successfully than less well adapted individuals
do
Certain biological and behavioral variations increase
mutation organisms' reproductive and survival chances in their
particular environment
The minimum length of time after an action potential
absolute refractory period
during which another action potential cannot begin.
action potential A brief change in a neuron's electrical charge.
A chemical that mimics the action of a
agonist
neurotransmitter.
A chemical that opposes the action of a
antagonist
neurotransmitter.
autonomic nervous system The system of nerves that connect to the heart, blood
(ANS) vessels, smooth muscles, and glands.
A long, thin fiber that transmits signals away from the
axon neuron cell body to other neurons, or to muscles or
glands.
2/37
,8/24/25, 7:03 PM D117 AP Psychology 1st Semester Exam Review
central nervous system The brain and the spinal cord.
(CNS)
Branch of psychology concerned with the links
biological psychology
between biology and behavior
Branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialized to
dendrites
receive information.
Axons that carry information outward from the central
efferent nerve fibers
nervous system to the periphery of the body.
A group of glands that secrete chemicals into the
endocrine system
bloodstream that help control bodily functioning.
The chemical substances released by the endocrine
hormones
glands.
Bundles of neuron fibers (axons) that are routed
nerves
together in the peripheral nervous system.
Individual cells in the nervous system that receive,
neurons
integrate, and transmit information.
Chemicals that transmit information from one neuron
neurotransmitters
to another.
The branch of the autonomic nervous system that
parasympathetic division
generally conserves bodily resources.
All those nerves that lie outside the brain and spinal
peripheral nervous system
cord.
The "master gland" of the endocrine system; it
releases a great variety of hormones that fan out
pituitary gland
through the body, stimulating actions in the other
endocrine glands.
The stable, negative charge of a neuron when it is
resting potential
inactive.
A process in which neurotransmitters are sponged up
reuptake
from the synaptic cleft by the presynaptic membrane.
3/37
, 8/24/25, 7:03 PM D117 AP Psychology 1st Semester Exam Review
The system of nerves that connect to voluntary
somatic nervous system
skeletal muscles and to sensory receptors.
The branch of the autonomic nervous system that
sympathetic division
mobilizes the body's resources for emergencies.
A junction where information is transmitted from one
synapse
neuron to the next.
Carry incoming information from the sensory
sensory neurons
receptors to the brain and spinal cord
Carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal
motor neurons
cord to the muscles and glands
Neurons within the brain and spinal cord that
interneurons communicate internally and intervene between the
sensory inputs and motor outputs
Layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of
many neurons, enables vastly greater transmission
myelin sheath
speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from
one node to the next
Pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the
kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and
adrenal glands
norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of
stress.
a response of the whole organism, involving (1)
emotion physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and
(3) conscious experience.
the theory that our experience of emotion is our
James-Lange theory awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-
arousing stimuli.
the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus
Cannon-Bard theory simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses
and (2) the subjective experience of emotion.
4/37
