Microbio Portage Final Exam Questions and Answers | Latest Version | 2025/2026 | Correct & Verified

Microbio Portage Final Exam Questions and Answers | Latest Version | 2025/2026 | Correct & Verified What structure allows bacteria to transfer genetic material through conjugation? Pilus What is the thick outer layer that protects Gram-positive bacteria? Peptidoglycan What bacterial structure is responsible for motility? Flagellum What structure helps bacteria stick to surfaces and form biofilms? Fimbriae What is the process where bacteria pick up DNA from the environment? Transformation 2 What phase of bacterial growth is characterized by rapid division? Log phase What laboratory method is used to separate bacteria based on Gram staining? Differential staining What reagent is used as a mordant in Gram staining? Iodine What is the purpose of the decolorizer in Gram staining? Remove excess stain from Gram-negative cells What color do Gram-negative bacteria appear under the microscope? Pink What environment do halophiles prefer? High salt concentration 3 What term describes organisms that can live without oxygen but grow better with it? Facultative anaerobes What enzyme breaks down hydrogen peroxide in cells? Catalase What temperature range do mesophiles prefer? 20–45°C What is the function of the bacterial capsule? Protect against phagocytosis What is the purpose of the streak plate method? Isolate individual bacterial colonies What microbial growth control method uses high heat and pressure? Autoclaving 4 What process uses gentle heat to kill pathogens in liquids? Pasteurization What is the term for a substance that kills microbes on living tissues? Antiseptic What is the term for microbial death where cells can no longer