NURS 251 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
stress incontinence
loss of urine associated with increased intra-abdominal pressure during sneezing,
coughing, lifting. Quantity of urine lost is usually small
urge continence
Involuntary loss of urine associated with a strong urge to void
overflow incontinence
Inability to empty bladder resulting in overdistension and frequent loss of small amounts
of urine
functional incontinence
Incontinence resulting from physical, environmental, or psychosocial causes
partial seizure
activation of only a restricted part of one cerebral hemisphere with no alteration in
consciousness
absence seizure
Sudden brief cessation of all motor activity accompanied by blank stare and
unresponsiveness
complex partial seizure
consciousness is impaired and the person may engage in repetitive, non-purposeful
activity such as lip smacking or picking at clothes
tonic-clonic seizure
sudden loss of consciousness, sharp, tonic muscular contractions, loss of postural
control, person falls in opisthotonic position. Muscles rigid, arms and legs extended, jaw
clenched. Urinary incontinence common
Ischaemic stroke
Blood supply to brain suddenly disrupted by a thrombus
Haemorrhagic stroke
blood vessel breaks open, spilling blood into spaces surrounded by neurons
What is TURP syndrome?
FVE plus hyponatraemia, reduced haematocrit, HT, bradycardia, nausea, confusion
resulting from absorption of irrigating fluids during and after surgery
, Example of prerenal AKI
Sepsis
Example of intrarenal AKI
Acute pyelonephritis
Example of postrenal AKI
calculi
CV manifestations of fluid volume deficit
Tachycardia, flat neck veins
Neurological manifestations of fluid volume deficit
Altered mental status, anxiety/restlessness
Abnormal findings in neurological assessment
Altered LOC, Abnormal motor response to stimuli, inappropriate/confused/absent verbal
response, abnormal pupillary or oculomotor response, abnormal breathing pattern,
drowsiness, confusion
Priority nursing interventions for cerebral contusion
Give fluids as charted to support systolic MAP of 90+ (monitor BP), Monitor ABC,
manage any dysfunction, assess O2/CO2 levels, administer O2 as needed as CO2 is a
potent vasodilator and may contribute to cerebral oedema and IICP, monitor for signs of
IICP
Monroe-Kellie Hypothesis
Sum of the volume of the brain, blood and CSF within the skull must remain constant.
Therefore, an increase in one of the above must be offset by decreased volume of the
other. If not, ICP increases.
4 signs of IICP
1. Altered vision caused by pressure on visual pathways and cranial nerves
2. Behaviour and personality changes (e.g. irritable, agitated)
3. Decreased LOC
4. Abnormal motor response e.g. decortate/decerebrate posturing
Gastrointestinal manifestations of CVA
dysphagia, constipation
Genitourinary manifestations of CVA
stress incontinence
loss of urine associated with increased intra-abdominal pressure during sneezing,
coughing, lifting. Quantity of urine lost is usually small
urge continence
Involuntary loss of urine associated with a strong urge to void
overflow incontinence
Inability to empty bladder resulting in overdistension and frequent loss of small amounts
of urine
functional incontinence
Incontinence resulting from physical, environmental, or psychosocial causes
partial seizure
activation of only a restricted part of one cerebral hemisphere with no alteration in
consciousness
absence seizure
Sudden brief cessation of all motor activity accompanied by blank stare and
unresponsiveness
complex partial seizure
consciousness is impaired and the person may engage in repetitive, non-purposeful
activity such as lip smacking or picking at clothes
tonic-clonic seizure
sudden loss of consciousness, sharp, tonic muscular contractions, loss of postural
control, person falls in opisthotonic position. Muscles rigid, arms and legs extended, jaw
clenched. Urinary incontinence common
Ischaemic stroke
Blood supply to brain suddenly disrupted by a thrombus
Haemorrhagic stroke
blood vessel breaks open, spilling blood into spaces surrounded by neurons
What is TURP syndrome?
FVE plus hyponatraemia, reduced haematocrit, HT, bradycardia, nausea, confusion
resulting from absorption of irrigating fluids during and after surgery
, Example of prerenal AKI
Sepsis
Example of intrarenal AKI
Acute pyelonephritis
Example of postrenal AKI
calculi
CV manifestations of fluid volume deficit
Tachycardia, flat neck veins
Neurological manifestations of fluid volume deficit
Altered mental status, anxiety/restlessness
Abnormal findings in neurological assessment
Altered LOC, Abnormal motor response to stimuli, inappropriate/confused/absent verbal
response, abnormal pupillary or oculomotor response, abnormal breathing pattern,
drowsiness, confusion
Priority nursing interventions for cerebral contusion
Give fluids as charted to support systolic MAP of 90+ (monitor BP), Monitor ABC,
manage any dysfunction, assess O2/CO2 levels, administer O2 as needed as CO2 is a
potent vasodilator and may contribute to cerebral oedema and IICP, monitor for signs of
IICP
Monroe-Kellie Hypothesis
Sum of the volume of the brain, blood and CSF within the skull must remain constant.
Therefore, an increase in one of the above must be offset by decreased volume of the
other. If not, ICP increases.
4 signs of IICP
1. Altered vision caused by pressure on visual pathways and cranial nerves
2. Behaviour and personality changes (e.g. irritable, agitated)
3. Decreased LOC
4. Abnormal motor response e.g. decortate/decerebrate posturing
Gastrointestinal manifestations of CVA
dysphagia, constipation
Genitourinary manifestations of CVA
