Context key idea Why is this significant?
Character summary Key Quotes Associated (AO3)
themes or
ideas:
A Christmas Carol Philanthropy
and Dickens’
Although now in Britain we have what is known as the welfare state (which includes
support for the neediest including the NHS, social housing, unemployment benefits
and more), there is was little government support for the poorest in society during the
Scrooge’s former business associate "It is required of Christmas Spirit Sense of Victorian era.
Knowledge Organiser
every man," the Regret
and friend. Marley passed away Social Justice
Ghost returned, Sorrow
seven years ago on Christmas Eve. "that the spirit Greed Many wealthy Victorians who were socially conscious (meaning they felt a
Marley inspired Scrooge to be selfish, within him should Supernatural responsibility to help those who could not help themselves) became heavily involved
in philanthropy. They used their own money to give to charities and to set up their
greedy and utterly ruthless when walk abroad among Choice
his fellowmen, and Time own charities to help those that needed help.
dealing with other people. However, Key events (AO1) Associated quotes Charles Dickens was one such person and he used his own money to help others, as
travel far and wide; Guilt and Blame
it is Marley that comes back to well as working with wealthy benefactors to make changes in society, too.
Jac and if that spirit Emotional Coldness
Scrooge as a ghost to tell him to goes not forth in life, Memory and the
ob Dickens was philanthropic advisor to Angela Burdett-Coutts (1814-1906), known as
change his ways or end up with the it is condemned to Past
Ma A miserly old man called Ebenezer Scrooge is mean, selfish and cruel to all around him. One night when returning home he is visited by the ghost of his old friend and business partner Jacob Marley. Marley tells Scrooge he must change his ways and live a life of generosity or he will be punished and ‘the richest heiress in all England’. Dickens used her wealth to give to social causes as
same fate as him, cursed to forever do so after death. It Compassion and
forced to walk the earth forever more. Scrooge is visited by three spirits (The Ghosts of Christmas Past, Present and Yet-to-Come) who all show him visions of his life and how his life will be if he doesn’t change. Filled with regret, sorrow but a determination to change, Scrooge is returned to his home
rle is doomed to Forgiveness well. In 1847 her money was used to create Urania Cottage for homeless women.
travel the world filled with regret and on Christmas Day where he sets out to change his life and use his wealth to help others. He goes on to embody the Christmas spirit better than anyone else. Under his guidance she also supported the Ragged School Union, which was founded
y wander through the
sorrow. in 1844 to provide free education to poor children by Lord Shaftesbury.
world -- oh, woe is
me! -- and witness
what it cannot Stave 1: Marley’s Ghost Moreover, Dickens used his writing to act as a social commentator – bringing to the
share, but might attentions of his middle and upper class readers the need for social upheaval. Some of
have shared on his characters play a positive philanthropic role, such as Mr Brownlow in Oliver Twist,
“Scrooge was his sole the Cheeryble brothers in Nicholas Nickleby, and Mr and Mrs Garland in The Old
earth, and turned to We discover Jacob Marley, who was Ebenezer Scrooge's business partner, died seven years ago. Scrooge is working in his counter-house, along with his clerk - Bob Cratchit. Scrooge's nephew Curiosity Shop.
happiness!" executor, his sole
Fred arrives and wishes him a Merry Christmas, but Scrooge dislikes his enthusiasm for the festive and answers: "Bah! Humbug!" Scrooge argues that Christmas is like any other day when there
administrator, his sole assign,
is money to be paid through bills. Fred has a different attitude, proclaiming Christmas to be a "as a good time: a kind, forgiving, charitable, pleasant time: the only time I know of, in the long his sole residuary legatee, his
The central protagonist (main character) of the “Bah! Humbug!” Isolation
calendar of the year, when men and women seem by one consent to open their shut-up hearts freely.“ Fred invites his uncle to visit him and his friends for Christmas, but Scrooge refuses. Two sole friend and sole Victorian Workhouses existed well before the Victorian era, but the 1834 Poor Law Amendment
portly gentlemen then come into Scrooge's counter house and ask Scrooge if he would donate money for the poor. Scrooge asks them if the prisons and workhouses are still open and dismisses Act meant it a legal requirement for all able-bodied people to work in workhouses to
novella, Scrooge is a selfish, greedy but ultimately Christmas Spirit mourner.” Deprivation
get their 'poor relief' (financial support). Before this time the poorest in society had to
isolated elderly man that has spent much of his "Since you ask me Regret them - saying he wishes to donate nothing and to be left alone. The weather is getting colder and colder. Outside, a Christmas caroler tries to sing a song through the keyhole of Scrooge's office rely on charity and hand outs to survive. However, Victorians saw poverty as a kind of
life hoarding his wealth away from others despite what I wish, Sorrow door but Scrooge scares him off. After closing up the counting office and before he goes home, Scrooge tells his clerk Bob Cratchit that he wants him to work on Christmas Day, but eventually he illness or disease in society that needed to be eradicated. Governments were keen to
being surrounded by poverty and suffering. He is gentlemen, that is Greed “But what did Scrooge care?
is persuaded to allow him to have the day off - but Cratchit must turn up all the earlier the next day. It was the very thing he liked. move the poorest indoors, away from everyone.
initial cruel and callous to everyone else before my answer. I don't Choice
the visits of Marley’s Ghost and the Three Spirits make merry myself Guilt and Blame “
Ebe Scrooge continues his usual routine of having dinner in a tavern and then returns home through awful, foggy London streets. As he arrives at his front door he thinks he sees Marley's face on the However, those in charge of the country made workhouses places to be feared in
bring about his epiphany and the change in his at Christmas and I Emotional Coldness order to prevent 'lazy' citizens thinking it was an easy option instead of going out to
nez character. Through the help of the narrator we can't afford to make Emotional Warmth door knocker until it turns back into an ordinary knocker. He is surprised but refuses to accept what he has seen. Scrooge thinks he sees a hearse going up the stairs in front of him. He rushes “Bah! Humbug!”
er find work.
Scro
follow Scrooge on his journey through his own idle people merry.” Catharsis into his room and locks the door behind him, putting on his dressing grown as well. He eats gruel by the fire, but suddenly the carvings on the mantelpiece change into pictures of Jacob Marley's Workhouses meant the poorest would work for food and a place to sleep, but many
past, present and potential future and celebrate Transformation "Are there no prisons?" asked
oge face. Again, Scrooge is reluctant to accept what he has seen. All of the bells and in the room start ringing and Scrooge hears footsteps coming up the stairs. A ghost floats through the door - it is Scrooge. people saw it as a form of slavery. workhouses also took in orphans, abandoned
his embracing of the Christmas spirit at the end. "I will honour Memory and the
Christmas in my Past
Jacob Marley - see-through and covered up in chains, cash-boxes, keys, padlocks, ledgers, deeds and heavy purses wrought in steel. Scrooge tries to deny Marley's Ghost exists, claiming he is just "Plenty of prisons," said the children, the mentally ill, the disabled, unmarried mothers and the elderly. Despite
a symptom of food poisoning. The ghost explains to Scrooge that he has spent seven years wandering the world in his chains as a form of punishment for the way he lived his life. Marley's Ghost gentleman, laying down the their age or abilities, all were required to work long and demanding hours.
heart, and try to Compassion and
keep it all the year. I Forgiveness tells Scrooge he has come back to save Scrooge from the same fate he has suffered. He informs Scrooge that he will be visited by three different spirits over the next three nights. The first one pen again.
Whenever someone entered a workhouse they were stripped, bathed whilst being
will live in the Past, will come at one o'clock, the next the same time and the final one will be there on the last stroke of midnight. The ghost moves towards Scrooge's window which opens by itself. Scrooge is supervised and then provided with a uniform. This uniform separated them from the
the Present, and the “As a good time: a kind,
terrified and full of fear. The ghost tells Scrooge to look out of the window and he sees many spirits, all covered in chains. They are all shouting about how they did not lead caring and forgiving, charitable, pleasant rest of society. If those from workhouses were out in the streets everyone else would
Future.”
honourable lives and did not help others. Marley disappears and Scrooge goes back to bed and falls asleep. time” Fred on Christmas instantly know they were in a workhouse. Often children were 'hired out' to wealthy
business men and made to work in awful places such as mines. You were not allowed
to try to contact your family and doing so could result in being punished. The standard
The first of the three spirits to visit Scrooge, The "It wore a tunic of Supernatural
of education provided was awful and would not help those within the workhouses get
Ghost of Christmas Past takes Scrooge on a the purest white, Memory and the
out of them. The food given to those in the workhouses was of a poor quality, simple
journey through his memories – ones he enjoys and round its waist Past
remembering and others that bring up emotions was bound a Compassion and
Stave 2: The First of the Three Spirits and the same every day. Food was seen as a tool to keep you working, not as
something to be enjoyed.
that he has long since buried. We see his absolute lustrous belt, the Forgiveness
Linguistic Why is this significant?
joy at seeing Fan and Fezziwig again, but his sheen of which was Regret
Scrooge wakes up at midnight and is confused. When he went to sleep it was 2am! To begin with he believes he must have slept through an entire day or it's noon and the sun isn't out. He "A solitary child, neglected by devices (AO2)
immense sorrow and regret for what happened beautiful." Sorrow
his friends, is left there still."
between him and Belle. The Ghost is presented as Guilt and Blame remembers that Marley's Ghost told him the first spirit will arrive at 1am. Terrified and anxious, Scrooge waits. At one o'clock Scrooge's curtains on his bed are blown away by an unusual,
Scrooge said he knew it. And
very unusual looking and re-reading and “Why did his cold Choice child-like character who exudes wisdom and experience. The spirit has a cap to cover the light that comes from its head. Scrooge is taken to the rural countryside where he was born and raised. he sobbed.
re-analysing the use of description of the eye glisten, and his Isolation
He visits his old school, sees his young friends and remembers many parts of his childhood. The effect of seeing these memories makes Scrooge cry. The ghost moves Scrooge into the school Pathetic fallacy This is where a writer gives human feelings to non-human objects or places to get across
The character would be very useful to you as part of heart leap up as they Christmas Spirit
your revision. went past? Why was Family where a lonely little boy - Scrooge as a youngster - is all alone at Christmas time. Scrooge and the ghost continue to visit different Christmases of the past and eventually we see a little girl - "Scrooge sat down upon a a tone or emotion to readers. For instance, the weather is very foggy and dingy as
Gho Scrooge walks through London in Stave 1, indicating mystery and a lack of harmony in
Scrooge's sister Fan - who runs into the room and tells Scrooge she has come to take him home. She says their father has allowed Ebenezer Scrooge to come home. Young Scrooge hugs his sister. form, and wept to see his
st of he filled with Emotional Warmth
poor forgotten self as he used Scrooge’s world. In Stave 1 he is surrounded by the "Piercing, searching, biting cold’”,
Chri gladness when he Time Scrooge reveals to the ghost that Fan died years ago and she is the mother of his nephew Fred. echoing Scrooge’s cold heart and lack of human warmth. By Stave 5 after Scrooge has
to be."
stm heard them give
transformed into a joyful human being the weather has also changed: "'No fog, no mist;
as each other Merry
The Ghost of Christmas Past and Scrooge visit other Christmases and see a party being held by Fezziwig, a merchant who had Scrooge as an apprentice when Ebenezer was younger. Scrooge sees "Why, it's old Fezziwig! Bless clear, bright, jovial, stirring, cold; cold, piping for the blood to dance to'".
Past Christmas, as they
parted at an older version of himself in conversation with Belle - his fiancée. She tells Scrooge she is ending their engagement as his love of capital gain and greed has ruined their love that used to be his heart; it's Fezziwig alive
everything to Scrooge. Scrooge is taken to see a more recent Christmas where an older Belle talks to her new husband about her former fiancé Scrooge. Her husband says that Scrooge is alone in again!"
cross-roads and-bye
ways, for their the world. Scrooge is struggling to deal with these scenes and begs the ghost to allow him to go back home. Full of anger, sadness and loss, Scrooge grabs the ghost's cap and pulls it over the Epiphany An epiphany is a sudden realisation of something. Scrooge has an epiphany as he reveals
"Spirit!" said Scrooge in a
several homes? child's head, and the light begins to diminish. By the time he gets to the ground, Scrooge finds himself back in his bedroom, where he goes to bed again and falls asleep straight away. after seeing his own gravestone that he must love with Christmas in his heart (Stave 5).
broken voice, "remove me
What was merry Because of this epiphany he is then able to go out at the end of the text and share his
from this place."
Christmas to wealth with others and actually feel happy.
Scrooge? Out upon
merry Christmas!
What good had it Stave 3: The Second of the Three Spirits Symbols Each of the ghosts acts as a symbol for something much greater. The Ghost of Christmas
ever done to him?”
Past embodies Scrooge’s regrets that he changed so much from his past, that he did not
make the most of his family and that he has lost his fiancée Belle. The Ghost of
In the distance the church clock strikes one and Scrooge wakes up in shock. He is glad to be awake and is waiting for the second spirit to arrive, but none seems to come. Scrooge waits 15 “Oh, a wonderful pudding! Christmas Present is a symbol of the happiness and joy all people feel at Christmas
The second of the three spirits that is presented a "I am the Ghost of Christmas Spirit Bob Cratchit said, and calmly
giant representing all that is great and good Christmas Present," Family minutes and then suddenly a bright light beams down onto him. Scrooge moves into his other room where he finds the second spirit waiting for him. The Ghost of Christmas Present is very despite their often harsh and deprived conditions. The Ghost of Christmas Yet-to-Come
too, that he regarded it as the symbolises what will happen to Scrooge and his friends and family if he does not change.
about Christmas Day. He is more dominating than said the Spirit. "Look Compassion and different to the first spirit. He is a giant, covered in green robes and sits on top of a throne made of a huge Christmas feast. He has a booming, loud voice and tells Scrooge he has more than 1800 greatest success achieved by
the previous spirit and mocks Scrooge’s own upon me." Forgiveness brothers (one for each Christmas). He lives for only a single day. The spirit tells Scrooge to touch his robe, and when he does so the feast and room disappear. Scrooge finds himself in the middle Mrs Cratchit since their
words from Stave 1 when Scrooge previously Isolation of London on Christmas morning. It is very busy and full of life. He sees all sights of a joyful Christmas day as people shovel snow, take presents to each other and say to each other: "Merry marriage. “
The asked about prisons and workhouses being in “[Tiny Tim] told me, Emotional Warmth Metaphors and Dickens needs to use a lot of descriptive language to get across not only the Christmas
Gho operation. This spirit shows to Scrooge how coming home, that Supernatural
Christmas!“
But even here, two men who Similes, London settings but also the unusual spirits that visit Scrooge. Marley's Ghost needs to
st of everyone across society takes joy from Christmas he hoped the people Choice Personification, be terrifying, the Ghosts of Christmas Past and Present are not human but supernatural.
watched the light had made a
Chri and celebrate together, they do not isolate saw him in the Guilt and Blame The ghost and Scrooge then move on to visiting Bob Cratchit's family - remember that Cratchit is Scrooge's clerk. Mrs Cratchit prepares a Christmas meal of goose and all the trimmings. They are fire, that through the Parallelism, and He uses numerous metaphors and similes to get across both characters and setting to
stm themselves like Scrooge has done. In particular, church, because he Time poor and this meal is one of the few treats they set money aside for. The eldest daughter Martha comes back from her job at the milliner's. Peter, the eldest son, wears a stiff-collared shirt which Descriptive his readers. Dickens was a master of description and this shines through in A Christmas
loophole in the thick stone
as the visit to the Cratchits and Scrooge seeing the was a cripple, and it Self-awareness Language Carol. Metaphor example: "But he [Scrooge] was a tight-fisted hand at the grindstone"
he received from his father. Bob arrives carrying his young son Tiny Tim on his shoulders. Tiny Tim has a debilitating condition that makes him very weak. The family is happy even though they wall shed out a ray of
Pres love for Tiny Tim hits him hard. might be pleasant to Simile example: "It was a strange figure -- like a child: yet not so like a child as like an old
have little food to celebrate Christmas with. Scrooge begs the Ghost to know whether Tiny Tim will survive. The spirit replies that given the current conditions in the Cratchit house, there will be brightness on the awful sea.
ent them to remember man..."
upon Christmas Day, an empty chair at next year's Christmas dinner. They move on to other people celebrating Christmas, including an isolated community of miners, lighthouse workers celebrating, and a crew on
Fred on Scrooge: “I mean to
who made lame board a ship. Next they move on to Fred's Christmas party, where Scrooge enjoys watching the many party games, although none of the party guests can actually see him. As the night carries on, give him the same chance
beggars walk, and the Ghost of Christmas Present grows older. every year, whether he likes
blind men see.” it or not, for I pity him.”
Form (AO2) Why is this significant?
Lastly they come to a huge expanse of emptiness. Scrooge sees a pair of starving children who travel with the Ghost beneath his robes; their names are Ignorance and Want. Scrooge inquires if
"Are there no prisons?" said
nothing can be done to help them. Mockingly, the ghost echoes Scrooge's own words from Stave 1: "Are there no prisons? Are there no workhouses?“ The spirit vanishes as the clock strikes Allegory An allegory is a type of story that has a hidden meaning, where
The final spirit is a dark, silent phantom that “He lay, in the dark Supernatural the Spirit, turning on him for
terrifies Scrooge and in some ways resembles the empty house, with Regret midnight and Scrooge sees a strange hooded ghost moving towards him. the last time with his own characters represent bigger themes and ideas. For instance, Star
The Grim Reaper, a classical symbol of death. This not a man, a Sorrow words. "Are there no Wars is an allegory of good and evil. The Jedi represent good and
Gho spirit shows Scrooge how the death of an isolated woman, or a child, Choice workhouses?" the Dark Side represents evil. In the same way A Christmas Carol
st of and friendless man sees vagabonds still his to say that he was Time
represents turning away from greed, selfishness and an obsession
Chri personal items, people celebrating his death and kind to me in this or Guilt and Blame
with money and turning towards helping others and using your
stm others suffering at his lack of compassion in life.
Finally, the Ghost shows Scrooge his own
that, and for the
memory of one kind
Transformation
Emotional Coldness
Stave 4: The Last of the Three Spirits wealth to good for friends, family and society.
as
Yet- gravestone and it is as this point that Scrooge has word I will be kind to Isolation
to-C his epiphany. him.” Death "He felt that it was tall and
om Family This new phantom is very different to the others spirits. He wears a black hooded robe and moves towards Scrooge. Scrooge cannot help but kneel before him and asks if he is The Ghost of Frame Story Because A Christmas Carol begins with a narrator introducing the
stately when it came beside
e “We may sleep Christmas Yet to Come. The phantom says nothing and Scrooge feels terrified. Scrooge is still hugely affected by the visits of the last two spirits and asks the phantom to share his lesson so he story and finishes with the narrator summing it up and ending it,
him, and that its mysterious
to-night with light can avoid the fate of Jacob Marley. The ghost takes Scrooge to the London Stock Exchange, where he overhears a group of businessmen discussing the death of a wealthy man. Next they see a presence filled him with a this is known as a 'frame story'. At the beginning Scrooge's
hearts, Caroline." pawn shop in a poor part of London, where a group of low-lives sell personal items taken from a dead man. solemn dread." character is established by the narrator and at the end his
dramatic shift in personality is explained by the narrator as well. In
Scrooge sees the body of the dead man all alone and demands to be shown someone who feels sorry for this man who has passed. The ghost shows the dinner table of a poor family, where a "I will honour Christmas in my
Fre Scrooge’s nephew and the son of Ebenezer’s “He had so heated Family
heart, and try to keep it all
between these two parts of the plot we find out other stories from
d sister Fan. Fred embodies everything good about himself with rapid Christmas Spirit husband and wife express relief at the death of a man to whom they owe money. They move on to the Cratchit household again, where the family struggles to cope with the death of Tiny Tim. Scrooge's past, present and future in order for him to have his
the year.“
Christmas and is filled with joy and happiness walking in the fog Memory and the Scrooge is desperate to know the identity of the dead man, struggling to understand what point or lesson the ghost is trying to make. Suddenly, he finds himself in a rundown churchyard where epiphany and change.
everywhere he goes. He is the antithesis of and frost, this Past the spirit points him toward a freshly dug grave. Scrooge approaches the grave and reads the inscription on the headstone: EBENEZER SCROOGE. Stunned, Scrooge grabs at the spirit and begs I promised him that I would
Ebenezer Scrooge. When Scrooge sees Fred nephew of
spending Christmas with his friends Fred refuses Scrooge's, that he
him to stop the events of his nightmarish vision. He promises to honour Christmas within his heart and to live by the lessons of Past, Present, and Future. The spirit's hand begins to tremble, and, walk there on a Sunday. My
to criticise Scrooge, only saying he pities him. was all in a glow” as Scrooge continues to ask for mercy, the phantom's robe shrinks and collapses. Scrooge finds himself returned to the his bed once more. little, little child!" cried Bob. Cyclical A cyclical structure to a text is where it begins and ends in the
"My little child!” Structure same way. In Stave 1 Scrooge is rude and unkind to Bob Cratchit,
Fred is delighted to see his uncle in Stave 5.
two portly gentleman raising money for charity, and his nephew
Fred. In the final stave he sees all these people again and is able to
Ot Bob Cratchit – An honourable man and a "Hilli-ho!" cried old Christmas Spirit Stave 5: The End of It apologise and show them his transformation. It’s a structure that
wonderful father. Scrooge comes to respect him Fezziwig, skipping Family
he works very well for emphasising Scrooge’s change in personality.
very much. He is part of the Cratchit family down from the high Memory and the
r including his wife, Martha, Belinder and Peter. desk, with Past “I don't know how long I've
Scrooge realises he has a chance to live the rest of life in a way that will make him truly happy. He praises of the three spirits and the ghost of Jacob Marley. When he realises he hs been returned
ch wonderful agility. Guilt and Blame been among the Spirits. I
back to Christmas morning, he begins shouting "Merry Christmas!" as loud as he can. Full of energy and excitement, Scrooge struggles to dress properly and dances while he shaves. As quickly as ‘Staves’ A stave could refer to a wooden plank used to help in construction
ara Tiny Tim - Bob’s crippled son who everyone loves (Stave 2) Emotional Warmth don't know anything. I'm
and everyone pities. Dickens was arguably trying Isolation he can, Scrooge runs into the street and offers to pay the first boy he meets a colossal sum to deliver a great Christmas turkey to Bob Cratchit's family. He meets one of the portly gentlemen who quite a baby. Never mind. I instead of (a bit like scaffolding). It can also refer to a musical staff or symbol
cte
to evoke immense sympathy from his readers for "I have come to Regret in Stave 1 asked for donations to the poor. Scrooge apologises for his rudeness, and whispers into the man's ear the massive sums of money he promises to give to charity. Scrooge moves on to don't care. I'd rather be a ‘Chapters’ - used with sheet music. Whilst Dickens most likely used 'staves'
rs
this weak but wonderful young boy. Tiny Tim bring you home, Sorrow Fred's Christmas party and shows such joy and enthusiasm that the other guests cannot understand Scrooge's sea change in behaviour. baby. Hallo! Whoop! Hallo instead of chapters in A Christmas Carol because he wanted to
survives his illness thanks to Scrooge’s financial dear brother!" said Transformation here!"
help. the child, clapping Charity
associate the plot with a literal 'Christmas Carol' or song, it could
The next morning, Scrooge arrives at the office early and decides to put on his usual stern and serious expression when Bob Cratchit enters eighteen and a half minutes late. Scrooge, pretending be said that each chapter helps in the construction of Scrooge as a
her tiny hands, and "I'll send it to Bon Cratchit's!"
Fan and Belle – Scrooge’s sister and former bending down to to be disgusted, begins to criticize Bob, before suddenly telling Bob he will give him a large raise and will assist his family as much as he can. Bob cannot believe it, but Scrooge promises to keep whispered Scrooge, rubbing transformed man. Similarly, in two other novellas by Dickens he
fiancée. They represent Scrooge’s past and his laugh. "To bring you his word. We are told by the narrator that Scrooge is as good as his word: He helps the Cratchits and becomes a second father to Tiny Tim who does not die as predicted in the ghost's dreadful his hands, and splitting with a also used musical symbols instead of ‘chapters’ ("quarters" in The Chimes
regrets. home, home, vision. Many people in London are puzzled by Scrooge's new behaviour, but Scrooge merely laughs at them. Scrooge brings the Christmas spirit into every day, respecting the lessons of laugh. "He shan't know who and "chirps" in The Cricket on the Hearth).
home!“ Fan (Stave Christmas more than any man alive. The narrator finishes the story by saying that Scrooge's words and thoughts should be shared by of all of us ... "and so, as Tiny Tim observed, God bless us, sends it. It's twice the size of
Fezziwig – Scrooge’s old boss who represents the 3) Tiny Tim. Joe Miller never
Every one!"
Christmas Spirit. made such a joke as sending
"God bless us every it to Bob's will be!"
The portly gentlemen – Scrooge is rude to them one!" said Tiny Tim,
but apologizes to one of them in Stave 5. They the last of all. (Stave
raise money for charity. 3)
Character summary Key Quotes Associated (AO3)
themes or
ideas:
A Christmas Carol Philanthropy
and Dickens’
Although now in Britain we have what is known as the welfare state (which includes
support for the neediest including the NHS, social housing, unemployment benefits
and more), there is was little government support for the poorest in society during the
Scrooge’s former business associate "It is required of Christmas Spirit Sense of Victorian era.
Knowledge Organiser
every man," the Regret
and friend. Marley passed away Social Justice
Ghost returned, Sorrow
seven years ago on Christmas Eve. "that the spirit Greed Many wealthy Victorians who were socially conscious (meaning they felt a
Marley inspired Scrooge to be selfish, within him should Supernatural responsibility to help those who could not help themselves) became heavily involved
in philanthropy. They used their own money to give to charities and to set up their
greedy and utterly ruthless when walk abroad among Choice
his fellowmen, and Time own charities to help those that needed help.
dealing with other people. However, Key events (AO1) Associated quotes Charles Dickens was one such person and he used his own money to help others, as
travel far and wide; Guilt and Blame
it is Marley that comes back to well as working with wealthy benefactors to make changes in society, too.
Jac and if that spirit Emotional Coldness
Scrooge as a ghost to tell him to goes not forth in life, Memory and the
ob Dickens was philanthropic advisor to Angela Burdett-Coutts (1814-1906), known as
change his ways or end up with the it is condemned to Past
Ma A miserly old man called Ebenezer Scrooge is mean, selfish and cruel to all around him. One night when returning home he is visited by the ghost of his old friend and business partner Jacob Marley. Marley tells Scrooge he must change his ways and live a life of generosity or he will be punished and ‘the richest heiress in all England’. Dickens used her wealth to give to social causes as
same fate as him, cursed to forever do so after death. It Compassion and
forced to walk the earth forever more. Scrooge is visited by three spirits (The Ghosts of Christmas Past, Present and Yet-to-Come) who all show him visions of his life and how his life will be if he doesn’t change. Filled with regret, sorrow but a determination to change, Scrooge is returned to his home
rle is doomed to Forgiveness well. In 1847 her money was used to create Urania Cottage for homeless women.
travel the world filled with regret and on Christmas Day where he sets out to change his life and use his wealth to help others. He goes on to embody the Christmas spirit better than anyone else. Under his guidance she also supported the Ragged School Union, which was founded
y wander through the
sorrow. in 1844 to provide free education to poor children by Lord Shaftesbury.
world -- oh, woe is
me! -- and witness
what it cannot Stave 1: Marley’s Ghost Moreover, Dickens used his writing to act as a social commentator – bringing to the
share, but might attentions of his middle and upper class readers the need for social upheaval. Some of
have shared on his characters play a positive philanthropic role, such as Mr Brownlow in Oliver Twist,
“Scrooge was his sole the Cheeryble brothers in Nicholas Nickleby, and Mr and Mrs Garland in The Old
earth, and turned to We discover Jacob Marley, who was Ebenezer Scrooge's business partner, died seven years ago. Scrooge is working in his counter-house, along with his clerk - Bob Cratchit. Scrooge's nephew Curiosity Shop.
happiness!" executor, his sole
Fred arrives and wishes him a Merry Christmas, but Scrooge dislikes his enthusiasm for the festive and answers: "Bah! Humbug!" Scrooge argues that Christmas is like any other day when there
administrator, his sole assign,
is money to be paid through bills. Fred has a different attitude, proclaiming Christmas to be a "as a good time: a kind, forgiving, charitable, pleasant time: the only time I know of, in the long his sole residuary legatee, his
The central protagonist (main character) of the “Bah! Humbug!” Isolation
calendar of the year, when men and women seem by one consent to open their shut-up hearts freely.“ Fred invites his uncle to visit him and his friends for Christmas, but Scrooge refuses. Two sole friend and sole Victorian Workhouses existed well before the Victorian era, but the 1834 Poor Law Amendment
portly gentlemen then come into Scrooge's counter house and ask Scrooge if he would donate money for the poor. Scrooge asks them if the prisons and workhouses are still open and dismisses Act meant it a legal requirement for all able-bodied people to work in workhouses to
novella, Scrooge is a selfish, greedy but ultimately Christmas Spirit mourner.” Deprivation
get their 'poor relief' (financial support). Before this time the poorest in society had to
isolated elderly man that has spent much of his "Since you ask me Regret them - saying he wishes to donate nothing and to be left alone. The weather is getting colder and colder. Outside, a Christmas caroler tries to sing a song through the keyhole of Scrooge's office rely on charity and hand outs to survive. However, Victorians saw poverty as a kind of
life hoarding his wealth away from others despite what I wish, Sorrow door but Scrooge scares him off. After closing up the counting office and before he goes home, Scrooge tells his clerk Bob Cratchit that he wants him to work on Christmas Day, but eventually he illness or disease in society that needed to be eradicated. Governments were keen to
being surrounded by poverty and suffering. He is gentlemen, that is Greed “But what did Scrooge care?
is persuaded to allow him to have the day off - but Cratchit must turn up all the earlier the next day. It was the very thing he liked. move the poorest indoors, away from everyone.
initial cruel and callous to everyone else before my answer. I don't Choice
the visits of Marley’s Ghost and the Three Spirits make merry myself Guilt and Blame “
Ebe Scrooge continues his usual routine of having dinner in a tavern and then returns home through awful, foggy London streets. As he arrives at his front door he thinks he sees Marley's face on the However, those in charge of the country made workhouses places to be feared in
bring about his epiphany and the change in his at Christmas and I Emotional Coldness order to prevent 'lazy' citizens thinking it was an easy option instead of going out to
nez character. Through the help of the narrator we can't afford to make Emotional Warmth door knocker until it turns back into an ordinary knocker. He is surprised but refuses to accept what he has seen. Scrooge thinks he sees a hearse going up the stairs in front of him. He rushes “Bah! Humbug!”
er find work.
Scro
follow Scrooge on his journey through his own idle people merry.” Catharsis into his room and locks the door behind him, putting on his dressing grown as well. He eats gruel by the fire, but suddenly the carvings on the mantelpiece change into pictures of Jacob Marley's Workhouses meant the poorest would work for food and a place to sleep, but many
past, present and potential future and celebrate Transformation "Are there no prisons?" asked
oge face. Again, Scrooge is reluctant to accept what he has seen. All of the bells and in the room start ringing and Scrooge hears footsteps coming up the stairs. A ghost floats through the door - it is Scrooge. people saw it as a form of slavery. workhouses also took in orphans, abandoned
his embracing of the Christmas spirit at the end. "I will honour Memory and the
Christmas in my Past
Jacob Marley - see-through and covered up in chains, cash-boxes, keys, padlocks, ledgers, deeds and heavy purses wrought in steel. Scrooge tries to deny Marley's Ghost exists, claiming he is just "Plenty of prisons," said the children, the mentally ill, the disabled, unmarried mothers and the elderly. Despite
a symptom of food poisoning. The ghost explains to Scrooge that he has spent seven years wandering the world in his chains as a form of punishment for the way he lived his life. Marley's Ghost gentleman, laying down the their age or abilities, all were required to work long and demanding hours.
heart, and try to Compassion and
keep it all the year. I Forgiveness tells Scrooge he has come back to save Scrooge from the same fate he has suffered. He informs Scrooge that he will be visited by three different spirits over the next three nights. The first one pen again.
Whenever someone entered a workhouse they were stripped, bathed whilst being
will live in the Past, will come at one o'clock, the next the same time and the final one will be there on the last stroke of midnight. The ghost moves towards Scrooge's window which opens by itself. Scrooge is supervised and then provided with a uniform. This uniform separated them from the
the Present, and the “As a good time: a kind,
terrified and full of fear. The ghost tells Scrooge to look out of the window and he sees many spirits, all covered in chains. They are all shouting about how they did not lead caring and forgiving, charitable, pleasant rest of society. If those from workhouses were out in the streets everyone else would
Future.”
honourable lives and did not help others. Marley disappears and Scrooge goes back to bed and falls asleep. time” Fred on Christmas instantly know they were in a workhouse. Often children were 'hired out' to wealthy
business men and made to work in awful places such as mines. You were not allowed
to try to contact your family and doing so could result in being punished. The standard
The first of the three spirits to visit Scrooge, The "It wore a tunic of Supernatural
of education provided was awful and would not help those within the workhouses get
Ghost of Christmas Past takes Scrooge on a the purest white, Memory and the
out of them. The food given to those in the workhouses was of a poor quality, simple
journey through his memories – ones he enjoys and round its waist Past
remembering and others that bring up emotions was bound a Compassion and
Stave 2: The First of the Three Spirits and the same every day. Food was seen as a tool to keep you working, not as
something to be enjoyed.
that he has long since buried. We see his absolute lustrous belt, the Forgiveness
Linguistic Why is this significant?
joy at seeing Fan and Fezziwig again, but his sheen of which was Regret
Scrooge wakes up at midnight and is confused. When he went to sleep it was 2am! To begin with he believes he must have slept through an entire day or it's noon and the sun isn't out. He "A solitary child, neglected by devices (AO2)
immense sorrow and regret for what happened beautiful." Sorrow
his friends, is left there still."
between him and Belle. The Ghost is presented as Guilt and Blame remembers that Marley's Ghost told him the first spirit will arrive at 1am. Terrified and anxious, Scrooge waits. At one o'clock Scrooge's curtains on his bed are blown away by an unusual,
Scrooge said he knew it. And
very unusual looking and re-reading and “Why did his cold Choice child-like character who exudes wisdom and experience. The spirit has a cap to cover the light that comes from its head. Scrooge is taken to the rural countryside where he was born and raised. he sobbed.
re-analysing the use of description of the eye glisten, and his Isolation
He visits his old school, sees his young friends and remembers many parts of his childhood. The effect of seeing these memories makes Scrooge cry. The ghost moves Scrooge into the school Pathetic fallacy This is where a writer gives human feelings to non-human objects or places to get across
The character would be very useful to you as part of heart leap up as they Christmas Spirit
your revision. went past? Why was Family where a lonely little boy - Scrooge as a youngster - is all alone at Christmas time. Scrooge and the ghost continue to visit different Christmases of the past and eventually we see a little girl - "Scrooge sat down upon a a tone or emotion to readers. For instance, the weather is very foggy and dingy as
Gho Scrooge walks through London in Stave 1, indicating mystery and a lack of harmony in
Scrooge's sister Fan - who runs into the room and tells Scrooge she has come to take him home. She says their father has allowed Ebenezer Scrooge to come home. Young Scrooge hugs his sister. form, and wept to see his
st of he filled with Emotional Warmth
poor forgotten self as he used Scrooge’s world. In Stave 1 he is surrounded by the "Piercing, searching, biting cold’”,
Chri gladness when he Time Scrooge reveals to the ghost that Fan died years ago and she is the mother of his nephew Fred. echoing Scrooge’s cold heart and lack of human warmth. By Stave 5 after Scrooge has
to be."
stm heard them give
transformed into a joyful human being the weather has also changed: "'No fog, no mist;
as each other Merry
The Ghost of Christmas Past and Scrooge visit other Christmases and see a party being held by Fezziwig, a merchant who had Scrooge as an apprentice when Ebenezer was younger. Scrooge sees "Why, it's old Fezziwig! Bless clear, bright, jovial, stirring, cold; cold, piping for the blood to dance to'".
Past Christmas, as they
parted at an older version of himself in conversation with Belle - his fiancée. She tells Scrooge she is ending their engagement as his love of capital gain and greed has ruined their love that used to be his heart; it's Fezziwig alive
everything to Scrooge. Scrooge is taken to see a more recent Christmas where an older Belle talks to her new husband about her former fiancé Scrooge. Her husband says that Scrooge is alone in again!"
cross-roads and-bye
ways, for their the world. Scrooge is struggling to deal with these scenes and begs the ghost to allow him to go back home. Full of anger, sadness and loss, Scrooge grabs the ghost's cap and pulls it over the Epiphany An epiphany is a sudden realisation of something. Scrooge has an epiphany as he reveals
"Spirit!" said Scrooge in a
several homes? child's head, and the light begins to diminish. By the time he gets to the ground, Scrooge finds himself back in his bedroom, where he goes to bed again and falls asleep straight away. after seeing his own gravestone that he must love with Christmas in his heart (Stave 5).
broken voice, "remove me
What was merry Because of this epiphany he is then able to go out at the end of the text and share his
from this place."
Christmas to wealth with others and actually feel happy.
Scrooge? Out upon
merry Christmas!
What good had it Stave 3: The Second of the Three Spirits Symbols Each of the ghosts acts as a symbol for something much greater. The Ghost of Christmas
ever done to him?”
Past embodies Scrooge’s regrets that he changed so much from his past, that he did not
make the most of his family and that he has lost his fiancée Belle. The Ghost of
In the distance the church clock strikes one and Scrooge wakes up in shock. He is glad to be awake and is waiting for the second spirit to arrive, but none seems to come. Scrooge waits 15 “Oh, a wonderful pudding! Christmas Present is a symbol of the happiness and joy all people feel at Christmas
The second of the three spirits that is presented a "I am the Ghost of Christmas Spirit Bob Cratchit said, and calmly
giant representing all that is great and good Christmas Present," Family minutes and then suddenly a bright light beams down onto him. Scrooge moves into his other room where he finds the second spirit waiting for him. The Ghost of Christmas Present is very despite their often harsh and deprived conditions. The Ghost of Christmas Yet-to-Come
too, that he regarded it as the symbolises what will happen to Scrooge and his friends and family if he does not change.
about Christmas Day. He is more dominating than said the Spirit. "Look Compassion and different to the first spirit. He is a giant, covered in green robes and sits on top of a throne made of a huge Christmas feast. He has a booming, loud voice and tells Scrooge he has more than 1800 greatest success achieved by
the previous spirit and mocks Scrooge’s own upon me." Forgiveness brothers (one for each Christmas). He lives for only a single day. The spirit tells Scrooge to touch his robe, and when he does so the feast and room disappear. Scrooge finds himself in the middle Mrs Cratchit since their
words from Stave 1 when Scrooge previously Isolation of London on Christmas morning. It is very busy and full of life. He sees all sights of a joyful Christmas day as people shovel snow, take presents to each other and say to each other: "Merry marriage. “
The asked about prisons and workhouses being in “[Tiny Tim] told me, Emotional Warmth Metaphors and Dickens needs to use a lot of descriptive language to get across not only the Christmas
Gho operation. This spirit shows to Scrooge how coming home, that Supernatural
Christmas!“
But even here, two men who Similes, London settings but also the unusual spirits that visit Scrooge. Marley's Ghost needs to
st of everyone across society takes joy from Christmas he hoped the people Choice Personification, be terrifying, the Ghosts of Christmas Past and Present are not human but supernatural.
watched the light had made a
Chri and celebrate together, they do not isolate saw him in the Guilt and Blame The ghost and Scrooge then move on to visiting Bob Cratchit's family - remember that Cratchit is Scrooge's clerk. Mrs Cratchit prepares a Christmas meal of goose and all the trimmings. They are fire, that through the Parallelism, and He uses numerous metaphors and similes to get across both characters and setting to
stm themselves like Scrooge has done. In particular, church, because he Time poor and this meal is one of the few treats they set money aside for. The eldest daughter Martha comes back from her job at the milliner's. Peter, the eldest son, wears a stiff-collared shirt which Descriptive his readers. Dickens was a master of description and this shines through in A Christmas
loophole in the thick stone
as the visit to the Cratchits and Scrooge seeing the was a cripple, and it Self-awareness Language Carol. Metaphor example: "But he [Scrooge] was a tight-fisted hand at the grindstone"
he received from his father. Bob arrives carrying his young son Tiny Tim on his shoulders. Tiny Tim has a debilitating condition that makes him very weak. The family is happy even though they wall shed out a ray of
Pres love for Tiny Tim hits him hard. might be pleasant to Simile example: "It was a strange figure -- like a child: yet not so like a child as like an old
have little food to celebrate Christmas with. Scrooge begs the Ghost to know whether Tiny Tim will survive. The spirit replies that given the current conditions in the Cratchit house, there will be brightness on the awful sea.
ent them to remember man..."
upon Christmas Day, an empty chair at next year's Christmas dinner. They move on to other people celebrating Christmas, including an isolated community of miners, lighthouse workers celebrating, and a crew on
Fred on Scrooge: “I mean to
who made lame board a ship. Next they move on to Fred's Christmas party, where Scrooge enjoys watching the many party games, although none of the party guests can actually see him. As the night carries on, give him the same chance
beggars walk, and the Ghost of Christmas Present grows older. every year, whether he likes
blind men see.” it or not, for I pity him.”
Form (AO2) Why is this significant?
Lastly they come to a huge expanse of emptiness. Scrooge sees a pair of starving children who travel with the Ghost beneath his robes; their names are Ignorance and Want. Scrooge inquires if
"Are there no prisons?" said
nothing can be done to help them. Mockingly, the ghost echoes Scrooge's own words from Stave 1: "Are there no prisons? Are there no workhouses?“ The spirit vanishes as the clock strikes Allegory An allegory is a type of story that has a hidden meaning, where
The final spirit is a dark, silent phantom that “He lay, in the dark Supernatural the Spirit, turning on him for
terrifies Scrooge and in some ways resembles the empty house, with Regret midnight and Scrooge sees a strange hooded ghost moving towards him. the last time with his own characters represent bigger themes and ideas. For instance, Star
The Grim Reaper, a classical symbol of death. This not a man, a Sorrow words. "Are there no Wars is an allegory of good and evil. The Jedi represent good and
Gho spirit shows Scrooge how the death of an isolated woman, or a child, Choice workhouses?" the Dark Side represents evil. In the same way A Christmas Carol
st of and friendless man sees vagabonds still his to say that he was Time
represents turning away from greed, selfishness and an obsession
Chri personal items, people celebrating his death and kind to me in this or Guilt and Blame
with money and turning towards helping others and using your
stm others suffering at his lack of compassion in life.
Finally, the Ghost shows Scrooge his own
that, and for the
memory of one kind
Transformation
Emotional Coldness
Stave 4: The Last of the Three Spirits wealth to good for friends, family and society.
as
Yet- gravestone and it is as this point that Scrooge has word I will be kind to Isolation
to-C his epiphany. him.” Death "He felt that it was tall and
om Family This new phantom is very different to the others spirits. He wears a black hooded robe and moves towards Scrooge. Scrooge cannot help but kneel before him and asks if he is The Ghost of Frame Story Because A Christmas Carol begins with a narrator introducing the
stately when it came beside
e “We may sleep Christmas Yet to Come. The phantom says nothing and Scrooge feels terrified. Scrooge is still hugely affected by the visits of the last two spirits and asks the phantom to share his lesson so he story and finishes with the narrator summing it up and ending it,
him, and that its mysterious
to-night with light can avoid the fate of Jacob Marley. The ghost takes Scrooge to the London Stock Exchange, where he overhears a group of businessmen discussing the death of a wealthy man. Next they see a presence filled him with a this is known as a 'frame story'. At the beginning Scrooge's
hearts, Caroline." pawn shop in a poor part of London, where a group of low-lives sell personal items taken from a dead man. solemn dread." character is established by the narrator and at the end his
dramatic shift in personality is explained by the narrator as well. In
Scrooge sees the body of the dead man all alone and demands to be shown someone who feels sorry for this man who has passed. The ghost shows the dinner table of a poor family, where a "I will honour Christmas in my
Fre Scrooge’s nephew and the son of Ebenezer’s “He had so heated Family
heart, and try to keep it all
between these two parts of the plot we find out other stories from
d sister Fan. Fred embodies everything good about himself with rapid Christmas Spirit husband and wife express relief at the death of a man to whom they owe money. They move on to the Cratchit household again, where the family struggles to cope with the death of Tiny Tim. Scrooge's past, present and future in order for him to have his
the year.“
Christmas and is filled with joy and happiness walking in the fog Memory and the Scrooge is desperate to know the identity of the dead man, struggling to understand what point or lesson the ghost is trying to make. Suddenly, he finds himself in a rundown churchyard where epiphany and change.
everywhere he goes. He is the antithesis of and frost, this Past the spirit points him toward a freshly dug grave. Scrooge approaches the grave and reads the inscription on the headstone: EBENEZER SCROOGE. Stunned, Scrooge grabs at the spirit and begs I promised him that I would
Ebenezer Scrooge. When Scrooge sees Fred nephew of
spending Christmas with his friends Fred refuses Scrooge's, that he
him to stop the events of his nightmarish vision. He promises to honour Christmas within his heart and to live by the lessons of Past, Present, and Future. The spirit's hand begins to tremble, and, walk there on a Sunday. My
to criticise Scrooge, only saying he pities him. was all in a glow” as Scrooge continues to ask for mercy, the phantom's robe shrinks and collapses. Scrooge finds himself returned to the his bed once more. little, little child!" cried Bob. Cyclical A cyclical structure to a text is where it begins and ends in the
"My little child!” Structure same way. In Stave 1 Scrooge is rude and unkind to Bob Cratchit,
Fred is delighted to see his uncle in Stave 5.
two portly gentleman raising money for charity, and his nephew
Fred. In the final stave he sees all these people again and is able to
Ot Bob Cratchit – An honourable man and a "Hilli-ho!" cried old Christmas Spirit Stave 5: The End of It apologise and show them his transformation. It’s a structure that
wonderful father. Scrooge comes to respect him Fezziwig, skipping Family
he works very well for emphasising Scrooge’s change in personality.
very much. He is part of the Cratchit family down from the high Memory and the
r including his wife, Martha, Belinder and Peter. desk, with Past “I don't know how long I've
Scrooge realises he has a chance to live the rest of life in a way that will make him truly happy. He praises of the three spirits and the ghost of Jacob Marley. When he realises he hs been returned
ch wonderful agility. Guilt and Blame been among the Spirits. I
back to Christmas morning, he begins shouting "Merry Christmas!" as loud as he can. Full of energy and excitement, Scrooge struggles to dress properly and dances while he shaves. As quickly as ‘Staves’ A stave could refer to a wooden plank used to help in construction
ara Tiny Tim - Bob’s crippled son who everyone loves (Stave 2) Emotional Warmth don't know anything. I'm
and everyone pities. Dickens was arguably trying Isolation he can, Scrooge runs into the street and offers to pay the first boy he meets a colossal sum to deliver a great Christmas turkey to Bob Cratchit's family. He meets one of the portly gentlemen who quite a baby. Never mind. I instead of (a bit like scaffolding). It can also refer to a musical staff or symbol
cte
to evoke immense sympathy from his readers for "I have come to Regret in Stave 1 asked for donations to the poor. Scrooge apologises for his rudeness, and whispers into the man's ear the massive sums of money he promises to give to charity. Scrooge moves on to don't care. I'd rather be a ‘Chapters’ - used with sheet music. Whilst Dickens most likely used 'staves'
rs
this weak but wonderful young boy. Tiny Tim bring you home, Sorrow Fred's Christmas party and shows such joy and enthusiasm that the other guests cannot understand Scrooge's sea change in behaviour. baby. Hallo! Whoop! Hallo instead of chapters in A Christmas Carol because he wanted to
survives his illness thanks to Scrooge’s financial dear brother!" said Transformation here!"
help. the child, clapping Charity
associate the plot with a literal 'Christmas Carol' or song, it could
The next morning, Scrooge arrives at the office early and decides to put on his usual stern and serious expression when Bob Cratchit enters eighteen and a half minutes late. Scrooge, pretending be said that each chapter helps in the construction of Scrooge as a
her tiny hands, and "I'll send it to Bon Cratchit's!"
Fan and Belle – Scrooge’s sister and former bending down to to be disgusted, begins to criticize Bob, before suddenly telling Bob he will give him a large raise and will assist his family as much as he can. Bob cannot believe it, but Scrooge promises to keep whispered Scrooge, rubbing transformed man. Similarly, in two other novellas by Dickens he
fiancée. They represent Scrooge’s past and his laugh. "To bring you his word. We are told by the narrator that Scrooge is as good as his word: He helps the Cratchits and becomes a second father to Tiny Tim who does not die as predicted in the ghost's dreadful his hands, and splitting with a also used musical symbols instead of ‘chapters’ ("quarters" in The Chimes
regrets. home, home, vision. Many people in London are puzzled by Scrooge's new behaviour, but Scrooge merely laughs at them. Scrooge brings the Christmas spirit into every day, respecting the lessons of laugh. "He shan't know who and "chirps" in The Cricket on the Hearth).
home!“ Fan (Stave Christmas more than any man alive. The narrator finishes the story by saying that Scrooge's words and thoughts should be shared by of all of us ... "and so, as Tiny Tim observed, God bless us, sends it. It's twice the size of
Fezziwig – Scrooge’s old boss who represents the 3) Tiny Tim. Joe Miller never
Every one!"
Christmas Spirit. made such a joke as sending
"God bless us every it to Bob's will be!"
The portly gentlemen – Scrooge is rude to them one!" said Tiny Tim,
but apologizes to one of them in Stave 5. They the last of all. (Stave
raise money for charity. 3)
