Bio 206 FINAL EXAM
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1. mitosis vs meiosis: Mitosis: one division forming 2 identical cells (clones); Meio-
sis: two divisions forming 4 genetically different cells
2. Why was Mendel's pea experiments so successful?: 1. Garden pea was ideal
organism (easy to grow, large number of offspring, etc.)
2. Analyzed traits individually
3. Established pure (true) breeding lines
4. Performed reciprocal crosses
5. Performed statistical analyses
3. Law of Segregation: Mendel's law that states that the pairs of homologous
chromosomes separate in meiosis so that only one chromosome from each pair is
present in each gamete
4. Law of independent assortment: the law that states that genes separate inde-
pendently of one another in meiosis
5. sum rule: probability of A or B occurring? Add the probabilities of each
6. product rule: probability of A and B occurring? Multiply the probabilities of each
7. binomial expansion: Represents all of the possibilities for a given set of un-
ordered events
8. We can use the laws of probability to predict a particular genotype from
multiple genes that assort independently.
Assuming the cross AaBbCcDd x AaBbCcDd, what is the probability of getting
a... ... 1. completely homozygous recessive individual?
2. completely homozygous dominant individual?
3. completely homozygous recessive or dominant individual?
4. completely heterozygous individual?:
9. Autosomal recessive traits: 1. Albinism
2. Cystic fibrosis (CF)
3. PKU
4. Sickle cell disease
5. Tay-Sachs disease (TSD)
10. Autosomal Dominant Traits: 1. Aniridia
2. Achondroplasia
3. Marfan syndrome
4. Familial hypercholesterolemia
5. Huntington disease
11. 1. For pea plants with the following genotypes, list the possible gametes
that can be produced.
a. TT Yy Rr
b. Tt YY rr:
, Bio 206 FINAL EXAM
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12. If you had a fruit fly (D. melanogaster) that was of phenotype A, what cross
would you make to determine the fly's genotype?: Testcross
13. In tomatoes, red fruit color (R) is dominant to yellow (r). Suppose that a
tomato plant homozygous for red is crossed with one homozygous for yellow.
Determine the phenotype(s) and phenotypic ratio(s) (if applicable) of:
a. the F1 tomatoes.
b. the F2 tomatoes from F1 self-fertilization.
c. the offspring of a cross of the F1 tomatoes back to the red parent.
d. the offspring of a cross of the F1 tomatoes back to the yellow parent.:
14. What is the probability of rolling a six-sided die and obtaining the following
numbers?
a. 1 or 4:
15. What is the probability of rolling two six-sided dice and obtaining the
following numbers?
a. 5 and 6
b. pair of 4's:
16. In cocker spaniels, solid coat color is dominant over spotted coat color.
If two heterozygous dogs were crossed to each other, what would be the
probability of the following combinations of offspring?
a. A litter of eight pups, two with solid fur and six with spotted fur.
b. A first litter of six pups, four with solid fur and two with spotted fur, and
then a second litter of five pups, all with solid fur.
c. A first litter of five pups, the firstborn with solid fur, and then among the
next four, three with solid fur and one with spotted fur, and then a second litter
of seven pups in which the firstborn is spotted, the second born is spotted,
and the remaining five are composed of four solid pups and one spotted pup.:
17. 7. A cross occurs between a male AabbccDd and a female aabbCcDd.
Assuming independent assortment, what is the probability of producing in-
dividuals that are
a. completely homozygous?:
18. A cross was made between a true-breeding pea plant with purple flowers
to a pea plant with white flowers. The F1 generation was then allowed to
self-fertilize to produce the F2 generation with the following progeny: 117
purple and 43 white.
Conduct a Ç 2 test to determine if the observed data are consistent with the
expected outcome.:
19. A cross was made between a heterozygous pea plant with purple flowers
to a pea plant with white flowers. The F1 generation produced the following
progeny: 75 purple and 125 white.
, Bio 206 FINAL EXAM
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Conduct a Ç
2 test to determine if the observed data are consistent with the
expected outcome.:
20. In pea plants, round peas is dominant to wrinkled peas, and yellow pea
color is dominant to green pea color. A cross was made between two pea
plants heterozygous for round, yellow peas. The F1 generation yielded the
following results:
196 round, yellow; 83 round, green; 39 wrinkled yellow; 17 wrinkled green
Conduct a Ç 2 test to determine if the observed data are consistent with the
expected outcome.:
21. In pea plants, round shape is dominant to wrinkled shape, and yellow pea
color is dominant to green pea color. A cross was made between true-breeding
plants with round, green peas to plants with wrinkled, yellow peas. The F1
generation was then mated to plants with wrinkled,
green peas to produce the F2 generation which yielded:
381 round, yellow; 402 round, green; 377 wrinkled, yellow; 392 wrinkled, green
Conduct a Ç 2 test to determine if the observed data are consistent with the
expected outcome.:
22. 12. Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a metabolic disease caused by an autosomal
recessive allele. If two heterozygous carriers of the allele marry and plan a
family of five children:
a. What is the probability that the first child will be an unaffected girl?
b. What is the probability that all their children will be unaffected?
c. What is the probability that four children will be unaffected and one child will
have PKU?:
23. 13. a. The ability to taste the chemical phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) is an
autosomal dominant phenotype, and the inability to taste is recessive. If a
taster woman with a nontaster father marries a taster man who in a previous
marriage had a nontaster daughter, what is the probability that their first child
will be
(1) a nontaster girl?
(2) a taster girl?
b. What is the probability that their first two children will be tasters?:
24. Cystic fibrosis is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. A man with
cystic fibrosis marries a woman who does not have the condition. They have
two girls with cystic fibrosis and one boy who does not; their son is the
youngest of the three children.
, Bio 206 FINAL EXAM
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a. Draw out a pedigree for this family and assign genotypes to each individual.
b. What is the probability that their next child will have cystic fibrosis?:
25. In the figure below, assume that the pedigree is for mice, in which any
chosen cross can be made. If you bred IV-1 with IV-3, what is the probability
that the first baby will show the recessive phenotype?:
26. The pedigree below is for a rare, but relatively mild, hereditary disorder of
the skin.
a. What is the most likely mode of inheritance?
b. Assign genotypes to all individuals.
c. Consider the four unaffected children of parents III-4 and III-5. What is the
probability of this outcome (excluding the sex of the children)?:
27. Sandhoff disease is due to a mutation in a gene that encodes the protein
hexosaminidase B. Individuals exhibit symptoms similar to Tay-Sachs dis-
ease. Based on the pedigree below:
What is the most likely mode of inheritance? b. Assign genotypes to all
individuals.:
28. incomplete dominance: Situation in which one allele is not completely domi-
nant over another allele
The heterozygous phenotype is in between the homozygous phenotypes
ex: snapdragons and four o' clocks
29. incomplete penetrance: The dominant allele does not always result (penetrate)
in producing a phenotype
For example, if 60% heterozygotes exhibit the trait, then the trait is 60% penetrant
The extent to which the trait is expressed is its expressivity
Ex: polydactyly
30. Overdominance: heterozygotes have a trait that is more beneficial than either
homozygote (heterozygote advantage)
ex: sickle cell disease
31. Codominance: heterozygotes express both alleles equally
Ex: ABO blood groups
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_h62ldv
1. mitosis vs meiosis: Mitosis: one division forming 2 identical cells (clones); Meio-
sis: two divisions forming 4 genetically different cells
2. Why was Mendel's pea experiments so successful?: 1. Garden pea was ideal
organism (easy to grow, large number of offspring, etc.)
2. Analyzed traits individually
3. Established pure (true) breeding lines
4. Performed reciprocal crosses
5. Performed statistical analyses
3. Law of Segregation: Mendel's law that states that the pairs of homologous
chromosomes separate in meiosis so that only one chromosome from each pair is
present in each gamete
4. Law of independent assortment: the law that states that genes separate inde-
pendently of one another in meiosis
5. sum rule: probability of A or B occurring? Add the probabilities of each
6. product rule: probability of A and B occurring? Multiply the probabilities of each
7. binomial expansion: Represents all of the possibilities for a given set of un-
ordered events
8. We can use the laws of probability to predict a particular genotype from
multiple genes that assort independently.
Assuming the cross AaBbCcDd x AaBbCcDd, what is the probability of getting
a... ... 1. completely homozygous recessive individual?
2. completely homozygous dominant individual?
3. completely homozygous recessive or dominant individual?
4. completely heterozygous individual?:
9. Autosomal recessive traits: 1. Albinism
2. Cystic fibrosis (CF)
3. PKU
4. Sickle cell disease
5. Tay-Sachs disease (TSD)
10. Autosomal Dominant Traits: 1. Aniridia
2. Achondroplasia
3. Marfan syndrome
4. Familial hypercholesterolemia
5. Huntington disease
11. 1. For pea plants with the following genotypes, list the possible gametes
that can be produced.
a. TT Yy Rr
b. Tt YY rr:
, Bio 206 FINAL EXAM
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_h62ldv
12. If you had a fruit fly (D. melanogaster) that was of phenotype A, what cross
would you make to determine the fly's genotype?: Testcross
13. In tomatoes, red fruit color (R) is dominant to yellow (r). Suppose that a
tomato plant homozygous for red is crossed with one homozygous for yellow.
Determine the phenotype(s) and phenotypic ratio(s) (if applicable) of:
a. the F1 tomatoes.
b. the F2 tomatoes from F1 self-fertilization.
c. the offspring of a cross of the F1 tomatoes back to the red parent.
d. the offspring of a cross of the F1 tomatoes back to the yellow parent.:
14. What is the probability of rolling a six-sided die and obtaining the following
numbers?
a. 1 or 4:
15. What is the probability of rolling two six-sided dice and obtaining the
following numbers?
a. 5 and 6
b. pair of 4's:
16. In cocker spaniels, solid coat color is dominant over spotted coat color.
If two heterozygous dogs were crossed to each other, what would be the
probability of the following combinations of offspring?
a. A litter of eight pups, two with solid fur and six with spotted fur.
b. A first litter of six pups, four with solid fur and two with spotted fur, and
then a second litter of five pups, all with solid fur.
c. A first litter of five pups, the firstborn with solid fur, and then among the
next four, three with solid fur and one with spotted fur, and then a second litter
of seven pups in which the firstborn is spotted, the second born is spotted,
and the remaining five are composed of four solid pups and one spotted pup.:
17. 7. A cross occurs between a male AabbccDd and a female aabbCcDd.
Assuming independent assortment, what is the probability of producing in-
dividuals that are
a. completely homozygous?:
18. A cross was made between a true-breeding pea plant with purple flowers
to a pea plant with white flowers. The F1 generation was then allowed to
self-fertilize to produce the F2 generation with the following progeny: 117
purple and 43 white.
Conduct a Ç 2 test to determine if the observed data are consistent with the
expected outcome.:
19. A cross was made between a heterozygous pea plant with purple flowers
to a pea plant with white flowers. The F1 generation produced the following
progeny: 75 purple and 125 white.
, Bio 206 FINAL EXAM
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_h62ldv
Conduct a Ç
2 test to determine if the observed data are consistent with the
expected outcome.:
20. In pea plants, round peas is dominant to wrinkled peas, and yellow pea
color is dominant to green pea color. A cross was made between two pea
plants heterozygous for round, yellow peas. The F1 generation yielded the
following results:
196 round, yellow; 83 round, green; 39 wrinkled yellow; 17 wrinkled green
Conduct a Ç 2 test to determine if the observed data are consistent with the
expected outcome.:
21. In pea plants, round shape is dominant to wrinkled shape, and yellow pea
color is dominant to green pea color. A cross was made between true-breeding
plants with round, green peas to plants with wrinkled, yellow peas. The F1
generation was then mated to plants with wrinkled,
green peas to produce the F2 generation which yielded:
381 round, yellow; 402 round, green; 377 wrinkled, yellow; 392 wrinkled, green
Conduct a Ç 2 test to determine if the observed data are consistent with the
expected outcome.:
22. 12. Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a metabolic disease caused by an autosomal
recessive allele. If two heterozygous carriers of the allele marry and plan a
family of five children:
a. What is the probability that the first child will be an unaffected girl?
b. What is the probability that all their children will be unaffected?
c. What is the probability that four children will be unaffected and one child will
have PKU?:
23. 13. a. The ability to taste the chemical phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) is an
autosomal dominant phenotype, and the inability to taste is recessive. If a
taster woman with a nontaster father marries a taster man who in a previous
marriage had a nontaster daughter, what is the probability that their first child
will be
(1) a nontaster girl?
(2) a taster girl?
b. What is the probability that their first two children will be tasters?:
24. Cystic fibrosis is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. A man with
cystic fibrosis marries a woman who does not have the condition. They have
two girls with cystic fibrosis and one boy who does not; their son is the
youngest of the three children.
, Bio 206 FINAL EXAM
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_h62ldv
a. Draw out a pedigree for this family and assign genotypes to each individual.
b. What is the probability that their next child will have cystic fibrosis?:
25. In the figure below, assume that the pedigree is for mice, in which any
chosen cross can be made. If you bred IV-1 with IV-3, what is the probability
that the first baby will show the recessive phenotype?:
26. The pedigree below is for a rare, but relatively mild, hereditary disorder of
the skin.
a. What is the most likely mode of inheritance?
b. Assign genotypes to all individuals.
c. Consider the four unaffected children of parents III-4 and III-5. What is the
probability of this outcome (excluding the sex of the children)?:
27. Sandhoff disease is due to a mutation in a gene that encodes the protein
hexosaminidase B. Individuals exhibit symptoms similar to Tay-Sachs dis-
ease. Based on the pedigree below:
What is the most likely mode of inheritance? b. Assign genotypes to all
individuals.:
28. incomplete dominance: Situation in which one allele is not completely domi-
nant over another allele
The heterozygous phenotype is in between the homozygous phenotypes
ex: snapdragons and four o' clocks
29. incomplete penetrance: The dominant allele does not always result (penetrate)
in producing a phenotype
For example, if 60% heterozygotes exhibit the trait, then the trait is 60% penetrant
The extent to which the trait is expressed is its expressivity
Ex: polydactyly
30. Overdominance: heterozygotes have a trait that is more beneficial than either
homozygote (heterozygote advantage)
ex: sickle cell disease
31. Codominance: heterozygotes express both alleles equally
Ex: ABO blood groups
