NR222 Final Exam
• Major concepts of heath: health, wellness, illness
• Health: state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not
merely the absence of disease or infirmity
• Models of health: Health belief model, heath promotion model,
holistic health model, self- efficacy model
• Health belief model: Analyzes probability that a person will make
changes
• Health promotion model: It defines health as a positive, dynamic
state, not merely the absence of disease
• Holistic health model: Attempts to create conditions that
promote optimal health
• Self-efficacy model: Emphasizes individual's belief in being capable
of making change
• Maslow's hierarchy of needs: Although each person has other
unique needs, all people share the basic human needs, and the extent to which basic
needs are met is a major factor in determining a person's level of health.
• Levels of prevention: Primary, secondary, tertiary
• Primary: precedes disease, preventative; education/ vaccinations
• Secondary: diagnosis and treatment of acute disease; screenings
• Tertiary: minimize effect of disease;get a patient back to where they
were before the illness
• Factors that influence health: genetic and physiological, age,
environment, lifestyle
• Transtheoritical model of change: Determines stage of readiness for
making and continuing change.
• Precontemplation
• Contemplation
• Preparation
• Action
, • Maintenance
• Healthy people 2020: Road map to improving health
• Healthy people 2020 goals: - attain high quality lives
• achieve health equity
• create environments that promote good health
• promote quality of life
• Professional Nursing: Standards of practice, code of ethics,
profession, re- sponsibility, advocacy, accountability
• Standards of practice- Goals and objectives: Describe a
competent level of nursing care which uses the critical thinking model know as the
nursing process
• Code of ethics- Goals and objectives: The philosophical ideals of
right and wrong that define the principles you will use to provide care to your
patients.
20. :
• Advocacy: Standing for a cause or person
• Accountability: Ability to answer for one's actions
• Nursing roles: Advocate, educator, consultant
• Advocate: protect your patient's human and legal rights and provide
assis- tance in asserting these rights if the need arises
• Educator: explain concepts and facts about health, describe the reason
for routine care activities, demonstrate procedures such as self-care activities, rein-
force learning or patient behavior, and evaluate the patient's progress in learning
• Consultant: having a specific background in an area
• Ethics: system dealing with morals, values and action
• Values: a set of personal beliefs
• Values clarification: Process by which an individual comes to
understand their values
• Morals: personal rights and wrongs
• Stress management: An effective intervention framework for health
promo- tion, disease prevention, and symptom management. Stress-management
, strate- gies such as relaxation and imagery, self-monitoring, goal setting, cognitive
re- structuring, and problem-solving have long been staples of community health-
pro- motion programs, including Alcoholics Anonymous, SmokEnders, YMCA (Y-
USA), and Weight Watchers.
These strategies help people to modify health risk behaviors and thereby improve quality of life.
The goal of stress management is to improve quality of life by increasing healthy, ef- fective coping, thereby reducing
unhealthy consequences of distress. This process produces a dynamic interaction of mind, body, and spirit, which
influences physical health and well-being. Stress management is thus an essential tool for expert nursing practice, which
recognizes the interface of knowledge on behavior change.
• Stressor: any psychological, social, environmental, physiological, or
spiritual stimulus that disrupts homeostasis, thereby requiring change or adaptation
• Physiological Effects of Stress: Perception of threat stimulates a
physiolog- ical pattern of neuroendocrine activation and behavioral changes
mediated by the central nervous system
First termed the fight-or-flight response and later called the stress response, the individual's reaction to a real or
imagined threat prepares the body for emergency reaction and fosters survival in circumstances of immediate, time-
limited threat.
• Psychological Effects of Stress: The psychological effects of
stress are best illustrated by its contributory role in negative mood states, including
anxiety, depression, hostility, and anger
• Sociobehavioral Effects of Stress: In response to stress,
individuals often revert to or increase their reliance on less healthy behaviors, such
as overeating, excessive use of alcohol or drugs, and smoking. Recognizing that
such behaviors are inconsistent with the healthy behaviors needed to cope with
stress is easy; however, stopping these behaviors and using health-promoting
strategies instead is not.
Risky behaviors and traits such as a sedentary lifestyle, obesity, overeating high-fat foods, smoking, substance use, and
social isolation have been linked to morbidity and mortality
• Spiritual Effects of Stress: In response to stress, people often feel
dis- connected from life's meaning and purpose; harmful effects on their health and
well-being can result. Stressful events can shatter individuals' spiritual center or
conversely can move individuals to seek comfort in spirituality or religious prac-
tice, beliefs, or community. Encouraging involvement with one's religious/spiritual
practices is recommended as a helpful intervention for stress-related problems
• BOX 13-2 HEALTHY PEOPLE 2020: Health-Related Quality of
Life and Well-Being: Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is a "multi-
dimensional concept that includes domains related to physical, mental, emotional
• Major concepts of heath: health, wellness, illness
• Health: state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not
merely the absence of disease or infirmity
• Models of health: Health belief model, heath promotion model,
holistic health model, self- efficacy model
• Health belief model: Analyzes probability that a person will make
changes
• Health promotion model: It defines health as a positive, dynamic
state, not merely the absence of disease
• Holistic health model: Attempts to create conditions that
promote optimal health
• Self-efficacy model: Emphasizes individual's belief in being capable
of making change
• Maslow's hierarchy of needs: Although each person has other
unique needs, all people share the basic human needs, and the extent to which basic
needs are met is a major factor in determining a person's level of health.
• Levels of prevention: Primary, secondary, tertiary
• Primary: precedes disease, preventative; education/ vaccinations
• Secondary: diagnosis and treatment of acute disease; screenings
• Tertiary: minimize effect of disease;get a patient back to where they
were before the illness
• Factors that influence health: genetic and physiological, age,
environment, lifestyle
• Transtheoritical model of change: Determines stage of readiness for
making and continuing change.
• Precontemplation
• Contemplation
• Preparation
• Action
, • Maintenance
• Healthy people 2020: Road map to improving health
• Healthy people 2020 goals: - attain high quality lives
• achieve health equity
• create environments that promote good health
• promote quality of life
• Professional Nursing: Standards of practice, code of ethics,
profession, re- sponsibility, advocacy, accountability
• Standards of practice- Goals and objectives: Describe a
competent level of nursing care which uses the critical thinking model know as the
nursing process
• Code of ethics- Goals and objectives: The philosophical ideals of
right and wrong that define the principles you will use to provide care to your
patients.
20. :
• Advocacy: Standing for a cause or person
• Accountability: Ability to answer for one's actions
• Nursing roles: Advocate, educator, consultant
• Advocate: protect your patient's human and legal rights and provide
assis- tance in asserting these rights if the need arises
• Educator: explain concepts and facts about health, describe the reason
for routine care activities, demonstrate procedures such as self-care activities, rein-
force learning or patient behavior, and evaluate the patient's progress in learning
• Consultant: having a specific background in an area
• Ethics: system dealing with morals, values and action
• Values: a set of personal beliefs
• Values clarification: Process by which an individual comes to
understand their values
• Morals: personal rights and wrongs
• Stress management: An effective intervention framework for health
promo- tion, disease prevention, and symptom management. Stress-management
, strate- gies such as relaxation and imagery, self-monitoring, goal setting, cognitive
re- structuring, and problem-solving have long been staples of community health-
pro- motion programs, including Alcoholics Anonymous, SmokEnders, YMCA (Y-
USA), and Weight Watchers.
These strategies help people to modify health risk behaviors and thereby improve quality of life.
The goal of stress management is to improve quality of life by increasing healthy, ef- fective coping, thereby reducing
unhealthy consequences of distress. This process produces a dynamic interaction of mind, body, and spirit, which
influences physical health and well-being. Stress management is thus an essential tool for expert nursing practice, which
recognizes the interface of knowledge on behavior change.
• Stressor: any psychological, social, environmental, physiological, or
spiritual stimulus that disrupts homeostasis, thereby requiring change or adaptation
• Physiological Effects of Stress: Perception of threat stimulates a
physiolog- ical pattern of neuroendocrine activation and behavioral changes
mediated by the central nervous system
First termed the fight-or-flight response and later called the stress response, the individual's reaction to a real or
imagined threat prepares the body for emergency reaction and fosters survival in circumstances of immediate, time-
limited threat.
• Psychological Effects of Stress: The psychological effects of
stress are best illustrated by its contributory role in negative mood states, including
anxiety, depression, hostility, and anger
• Sociobehavioral Effects of Stress: In response to stress,
individuals often revert to or increase their reliance on less healthy behaviors, such
as overeating, excessive use of alcohol or drugs, and smoking. Recognizing that
such behaviors are inconsistent with the healthy behaviors needed to cope with
stress is easy; however, stopping these behaviors and using health-promoting
strategies instead is not.
Risky behaviors and traits such as a sedentary lifestyle, obesity, overeating high-fat foods, smoking, substance use, and
social isolation have been linked to morbidity and mortality
• Spiritual Effects of Stress: In response to stress, people often feel
dis- connected from life's meaning and purpose; harmful effects on their health and
well-being can result. Stressful events can shatter individuals' spiritual center or
conversely can move individuals to seek comfort in spirituality or religious prac-
tice, beliefs, or community. Encouraging involvement with one's religious/spiritual
practices is recommended as a helpful intervention for stress-related problems
• BOX 13-2 HEALTHY PEOPLE 2020: Health-Related Quality of
Life and Well-Being: Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is a "multi-
dimensional concept that includes domains related to physical, mental, emotional
