SW 620A EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE
Middle Childhood - Answers - Ages 6 through 12
Middle Childhood - Developmental Tasks - Answers - Friendship, Concrete operations,
skill learning, Self-evaluation.
Middle Childhood -Psychosocial Crisis - Answers - Industry v. Inferiority
Industry - Answers - An eagerness to acquire skills and perform meaningful work.
During middle childhood, many aspects of work are intrinsically motivating. The skills
are new. They bring the child closer to the capacities of adults.
Three dimensions of Industry - Answers - 1. Cognitive component: The acquisition of
basic skills and knowledge that are valued by the culture.
2. Behavioral component: Ability to apply the skills and knowledge effectively through
characteristics such as concentration, perseverance, work habits, and goal
directedness.
3. Affective component: The positive emotional orientation toward the acquisition and
application of skills and knowledge, such as general curiosity and desire to know, a
pride in one's efforts, and an ability to handle the distresses of failure as well as the joys
of success.
Inferiority - Answers - Feelings of worthlessness and inadequacy come from two
sources: the self and social
Organ Inferiority - Answers - Any physical or mental limitation that prevents the
acquisition or certain skills.
Learned Helplessness - Answers - A belief that success or failure have little to do with
one's effort and are largely outside one's control.
Two types of failure messaged that contribute to inferiority. - Answers - 1. Criticisms of
the child's motivation or effort: Imply that, if the child had really tried, he could have
avoided failure.
2. Lack of ability: Implies that the child does not have the basic aptitude to succeed.
This type of failure message is associated with learned helplessness.
Middle Childhood - Central Process - Answers - Education
Education - Answers - Passing on the wisdom and skills of past generations to its
young. The process through which standards are established for exemplary,
acceptable, or unacceptable performance. As a result education is the central process
through which children experience the sense of mastery and accomplishment
, associated with industry and the critical feedback or negative evaluations that are
associated with inferiority.
Middle Childhood - Prime Adaptive Ego Quality - Answers - Competence
Competence - Answers - Belief in one's ability to make sense of an master the
demands of a situation.
The free exercise of dexterity and intelligence in the completion of tasks, unimpaired by
infantile inferiority. It is the basis for cooperative participation in technologies, and it
relies, in turn, on the logic of tools and skills.
Paths of competence - Answers - 1. Daily monitoring of self esteem:
Self esteem based on current experiences of competence and social approval. For
these children, feelings of self-worth vary depending on how people who are important
to them treat them that day and on whether the child is comparing there
accomplishments with someone who is quite a bit better, about the same, or not really
as competent.
2. Stable self-esteem:
Tends to have had many positive experiences of approval and competence in the past
which lead to a stable, positive sense of self-worth.
Inertia - Answers - The antipathic counterpart of industry, the sense of competent
mastery to be experienced in the school age, is that inertia that constantly threatens to
paralyze an individual's productive life and is, of course, fatefully related to the inhibition
of the preceding age that of play."
Children who leave middle childhood with a sense of inertia continue to be withdrawn
and passive. They will have trouble instigating actions or changing the course of events
in their lives. As a result, they will not be likely to address challenges or problems by
formulating plans of action, evaluating them, and then executing them. Children with a
sense of inertia will not believe that they can master the challenges they face, and this,
they are likely to be swept along by the tide of events.
Middle Childhood - Friendship - Answers - Friendships of middle childhood are
memorable. At this age, children describe close friends people who play together, like
the same activities, share common interests, enjoy each other's company, and count on
each other for help. Peer relationships include forming meaningful dyadic and group
relationships, participating in larger peer networks, and experiences peer acceptance or
rejection.
Social Competence - Answers - All the skills involved in the child's ability to form and
maintain positive relationships with others. Social competence includes the ability to
alter one's behavior to conform to the norms and expectations for interactions in various
settings and with different social partners
Middle Childhood - Answers - Ages 6 through 12
Middle Childhood - Developmental Tasks - Answers - Friendship, Concrete operations,
skill learning, Self-evaluation.
Middle Childhood -Psychosocial Crisis - Answers - Industry v. Inferiority
Industry - Answers - An eagerness to acquire skills and perform meaningful work.
During middle childhood, many aspects of work are intrinsically motivating. The skills
are new. They bring the child closer to the capacities of adults.
Three dimensions of Industry - Answers - 1. Cognitive component: The acquisition of
basic skills and knowledge that are valued by the culture.
2. Behavioral component: Ability to apply the skills and knowledge effectively through
characteristics such as concentration, perseverance, work habits, and goal
directedness.
3. Affective component: The positive emotional orientation toward the acquisition and
application of skills and knowledge, such as general curiosity and desire to know, a
pride in one's efforts, and an ability to handle the distresses of failure as well as the joys
of success.
Inferiority - Answers - Feelings of worthlessness and inadequacy come from two
sources: the self and social
Organ Inferiority - Answers - Any physical or mental limitation that prevents the
acquisition or certain skills.
Learned Helplessness - Answers - A belief that success or failure have little to do with
one's effort and are largely outside one's control.
Two types of failure messaged that contribute to inferiority. - Answers - 1. Criticisms of
the child's motivation or effort: Imply that, if the child had really tried, he could have
avoided failure.
2. Lack of ability: Implies that the child does not have the basic aptitude to succeed.
This type of failure message is associated with learned helplessness.
Middle Childhood - Central Process - Answers - Education
Education - Answers - Passing on the wisdom and skills of past generations to its
young. The process through which standards are established for exemplary,
acceptable, or unacceptable performance. As a result education is the central process
through which children experience the sense of mastery and accomplishment
, associated with industry and the critical feedback or negative evaluations that are
associated with inferiority.
Middle Childhood - Prime Adaptive Ego Quality - Answers - Competence
Competence - Answers - Belief in one's ability to make sense of an master the
demands of a situation.
The free exercise of dexterity and intelligence in the completion of tasks, unimpaired by
infantile inferiority. It is the basis for cooperative participation in technologies, and it
relies, in turn, on the logic of tools and skills.
Paths of competence - Answers - 1. Daily monitoring of self esteem:
Self esteem based on current experiences of competence and social approval. For
these children, feelings of self-worth vary depending on how people who are important
to them treat them that day and on whether the child is comparing there
accomplishments with someone who is quite a bit better, about the same, or not really
as competent.
2. Stable self-esteem:
Tends to have had many positive experiences of approval and competence in the past
which lead to a stable, positive sense of self-worth.
Inertia - Answers - The antipathic counterpart of industry, the sense of competent
mastery to be experienced in the school age, is that inertia that constantly threatens to
paralyze an individual's productive life and is, of course, fatefully related to the inhibition
of the preceding age that of play."
Children who leave middle childhood with a sense of inertia continue to be withdrawn
and passive. They will have trouble instigating actions or changing the course of events
in their lives. As a result, they will not be likely to address challenges or problems by
formulating plans of action, evaluating them, and then executing them. Children with a
sense of inertia will not believe that they can master the challenges they face, and this,
they are likely to be swept along by the tide of events.
Middle Childhood - Friendship - Answers - Friendships of middle childhood are
memorable. At this age, children describe close friends people who play together, like
the same activities, share common interests, enjoy each other's company, and count on
each other for help. Peer relationships include forming meaningful dyadic and group
relationships, participating in larger peer networks, and experiences peer acceptance or
rejection.
Social Competence - Answers - All the skills involved in the child's ability to form and
maintain positive relationships with others. Social competence includes the ability to
alter one's behavior to conform to the norms and expectations for interactions in various
settings and with different social partners
