CGFM - Exam 1: Government
Environment(Definitions and theories
relating to the organization and
structure of government)Solved 2023.
Government Sovereignty - Answer Nat'l government can't be sued by states or by
citizens w/out its permission.
Government Authority - Answer Derived from constitutions or charters (local versions
of a constitution), statutes, executive orders & regulations.
3 Levels - Answer 1) National
2) State
3) Local
The primary purpose of each is to provide services to citizens. Separate and distinct,
yet they may coordinate their efforts.
3 Branches - Answer 1) Legislative
2) Executive
3) Judicial
Separation of Powers - Answer Feature of the Constitution that requires each of the
three branches of government—legislative, executive, and judicial—to be relatively
independent of the others so that one cannot control the others. Power is shared
among the three branches of government.
Checks and Balances - Answer Constitutionally-mandated system that allows each
branch of government to amend or veto acts of another branch so as to prevent any
one branch from exerting too much power.
Judicial Review - Answer Power given to the judicial branch in order to sustain
checks and balances. Courts can overturn laws passed by the legislature & signed
by the president/governor if courts deem them unconstitutional. Enables judges to
question the legality and reasonableness of a gov't manager's administrative actions.
(Test question)
Federalism - Answer U.S. system of gov't. Power is distributed among different
levels of gov't and no one level of gov't has complete authority over all areas of
public policy. No centeralized system of gov't in U.S.
Popular Sovereignty - Answer Basic concept of the Constitution. The idea that
ultimate authority belongs to the voting people and even a sovereign gov't is
accountable to citizens.
Legal Constraints - Answer Derived from constitutions, statutes, and ordinances.
They can include limits on the type of tax, rate of tax, and tax collection purposes.
Purpose
Term
,CGFM - Exam 1: Government
Environment(Definitions and theories
relating to the organization and
structure of government)Solved 2023.
Amount
Process - Answer Ways in which constitutions and charters specify whether the
government can incur debt and limit government borrowing. (PTAP)
Reserved Clause - Answer Stems from the 10th Amendment to the U.S.
Constitution. Powers not delegated to the Nat'l gov't, nor prohibited to the states, are
reserved to the states and the people. Nat'l gov't can influence lower levels, but can't
dictate the manner in which state & local gov't will operate.
Areas of Overlap in Governmental Responsibilities - Answer Nat'l and state gov'ts
exercise authority in civil defense and the Nat'l Guard. For example, during
peacetime, Nat'l Guard units fall under the direction of state governors and meet the
needs of the state. During nat'l emergencies, these units are under command of the
President, Commander in Chief. State and local gov'ts have some responsibility for
traffic safety. All 3 levels impact public education.
Grants - Answer Money that is distributed to lower-level governments with the
purpose of funding special projects.
Laboratories of Democracy - Answer Nickname given to state and local governments
because they experiment with policies and procedures that are later adopted at the
nat'l level.
Performance Reporting - Answer Example of upward influence (laboratory of
democracy). U.S. gov't requirement created in the 90s for federal agencies . Process
of collecting and distributing performance information; includes status reporting,
progress measurement, and forecasting.
Legislative - Answer Passes laws. House of Representatives and Senate form
legislative branch of Nat'l gov't. Includes Congressional Budget Office, the Library of
Congress, Gov't Accountability Office, and Architect of the Capitol.
Executive - Answer Administers laws. Executes gov't programs. Includes the U.S.
Departments of Education, Interior, and Defense.
Judicial - Answer Interprets laws and exercises judicial review over actions of the
other branches.
Municipal Governments - Answer The lowest level of government and exercises
authority over a municipality (i.e. city, town, village). Usually, the scope of its powers
are determined by its delegated authority from the level of government that creates it
and the laws it passes are called ordinances.
, CGFM - Exam 1: Government
Environment(Definitions and theories
relating to the organization and
structure of government)Solved 2023.
U.S. Constitution - Answer A set of principles (guidelines) that describe the duties
and powers of the U.S. government. Written in 1787 and ratified in 1791. Has been
amended 27 times. The first 10 amendments form the Bill of Rights. Comprised of
seven articles.
Article I - Answer Defines powers of the legislative branch. Power to enact law,
collect taxes, coin money, raise armies and declare war.
Article II - Answer Defines the role and power of the presidency and executive
branch. Power to command armed forces, grant pardons for offenses against the
U.S., and to appoint ambassadors and Supreme Court judges with the advice and
consent of the Senate.
Article III - Answer Defines power of judicial branch. Power over legal cases arising
under the U.S. Constitution and related to treaties and ambassadors; controversies
between two or more states; and controversies between citizens of different states.
Line-Item Veto - Answer Executive power to strike, or remove, specific items from a
spending bill without vetoing the entire package. Many state constitutions allow
governors to enact this power. U.S. presidents have wanted similar authority. In
1996, Congress passed this act, President Clinton used it in 1997. His actions were
challenged and it was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1998.
(Budget) Appropriation - Answer A part of the congressional budgeting process that
involves determining how many dollars will be spent in a given year on a particular
set of gov't activities.
Government Commissions - Answer Special-government components that may be
permanent or temporary and make regulations (limitations or restrictions on the
behavior of an individual or a business); they are bureaucratically determined
prescriptions for how business is to take place. These components often enjoy a
heightened degree of autonomy. ex. FDA regulates how drugs are tested and
marketed.
Hierarchy of Government Authorities - Answer 1) Constitution
2) Laws
3) Executive orders
4) Rules and regulations
Executive Orders - Answer A rule or regulation issued by the president that
bypasses the lengthy and difficult process required to enact legislation, but has the
same effect and formal status as legislation. Potential disadvantage is that
legislature or the next chief executive can revoke it.
Environment(Definitions and theories
relating to the organization and
structure of government)Solved 2023.
Government Sovereignty - Answer Nat'l government can't be sued by states or by
citizens w/out its permission.
Government Authority - Answer Derived from constitutions or charters (local versions
of a constitution), statutes, executive orders & regulations.
3 Levels - Answer 1) National
2) State
3) Local
The primary purpose of each is to provide services to citizens. Separate and distinct,
yet they may coordinate their efforts.
3 Branches - Answer 1) Legislative
2) Executive
3) Judicial
Separation of Powers - Answer Feature of the Constitution that requires each of the
three branches of government—legislative, executive, and judicial—to be relatively
independent of the others so that one cannot control the others. Power is shared
among the three branches of government.
Checks and Balances - Answer Constitutionally-mandated system that allows each
branch of government to amend or veto acts of another branch so as to prevent any
one branch from exerting too much power.
Judicial Review - Answer Power given to the judicial branch in order to sustain
checks and balances. Courts can overturn laws passed by the legislature & signed
by the president/governor if courts deem them unconstitutional. Enables judges to
question the legality and reasonableness of a gov't manager's administrative actions.
(Test question)
Federalism - Answer U.S. system of gov't. Power is distributed among different
levels of gov't and no one level of gov't has complete authority over all areas of
public policy. No centeralized system of gov't in U.S.
Popular Sovereignty - Answer Basic concept of the Constitution. The idea that
ultimate authority belongs to the voting people and even a sovereign gov't is
accountable to citizens.
Legal Constraints - Answer Derived from constitutions, statutes, and ordinances.
They can include limits on the type of tax, rate of tax, and tax collection purposes.
Purpose
Term
,CGFM - Exam 1: Government
Environment(Definitions and theories
relating to the organization and
structure of government)Solved 2023.
Amount
Process - Answer Ways in which constitutions and charters specify whether the
government can incur debt and limit government borrowing. (PTAP)
Reserved Clause - Answer Stems from the 10th Amendment to the U.S.
Constitution. Powers not delegated to the Nat'l gov't, nor prohibited to the states, are
reserved to the states and the people. Nat'l gov't can influence lower levels, but can't
dictate the manner in which state & local gov't will operate.
Areas of Overlap in Governmental Responsibilities - Answer Nat'l and state gov'ts
exercise authority in civil defense and the Nat'l Guard. For example, during
peacetime, Nat'l Guard units fall under the direction of state governors and meet the
needs of the state. During nat'l emergencies, these units are under command of the
President, Commander in Chief. State and local gov'ts have some responsibility for
traffic safety. All 3 levels impact public education.
Grants - Answer Money that is distributed to lower-level governments with the
purpose of funding special projects.
Laboratories of Democracy - Answer Nickname given to state and local governments
because they experiment with policies and procedures that are later adopted at the
nat'l level.
Performance Reporting - Answer Example of upward influence (laboratory of
democracy). U.S. gov't requirement created in the 90s for federal agencies . Process
of collecting and distributing performance information; includes status reporting,
progress measurement, and forecasting.
Legislative - Answer Passes laws. House of Representatives and Senate form
legislative branch of Nat'l gov't. Includes Congressional Budget Office, the Library of
Congress, Gov't Accountability Office, and Architect of the Capitol.
Executive - Answer Administers laws. Executes gov't programs. Includes the U.S.
Departments of Education, Interior, and Defense.
Judicial - Answer Interprets laws and exercises judicial review over actions of the
other branches.
Municipal Governments - Answer The lowest level of government and exercises
authority over a municipality (i.e. city, town, village). Usually, the scope of its powers
are determined by its delegated authority from the level of government that creates it
and the laws it passes are called ordinances.
, CGFM - Exam 1: Government
Environment(Definitions and theories
relating to the organization and
structure of government)Solved 2023.
U.S. Constitution - Answer A set of principles (guidelines) that describe the duties
and powers of the U.S. government. Written in 1787 and ratified in 1791. Has been
amended 27 times. The first 10 amendments form the Bill of Rights. Comprised of
seven articles.
Article I - Answer Defines powers of the legislative branch. Power to enact law,
collect taxes, coin money, raise armies and declare war.
Article II - Answer Defines the role and power of the presidency and executive
branch. Power to command armed forces, grant pardons for offenses against the
U.S., and to appoint ambassadors and Supreme Court judges with the advice and
consent of the Senate.
Article III - Answer Defines power of judicial branch. Power over legal cases arising
under the U.S. Constitution and related to treaties and ambassadors; controversies
between two or more states; and controversies between citizens of different states.
Line-Item Veto - Answer Executive power to strike, or remove, specific items from a
spending bill without vetoing the entire package. Many state constitutions allow
governors to enact this power. U.S. presidents have wanted similar authority. In
1996, Congress passed this act, President Clinton used it in 1997. His actions were
challenged and it was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1998.
(Budget) Appropriation - Answer A part of the congressional budgeting process that
involves determining how many dollars will be spent in a given year on a particular
set of gov't activities.
Government Commissions - Answer Special-government components that may be
permanent or temporary and make regulations (limitations or restrictions on the
behavior of an individual or a business); they are bureaucratically determined
prescriptions for how business is to take place. These components often enjoy a
heightened degree of autonomy. ex. FDA regulates how drugs are tested and
marketed.
Hierarchy of Government Authorities - Answer 1) Constitution
2) Laws
3) Executive orders
4) Rules and regulations
Executive Orders - Answer A rule or regulation issued by the president that
bypasses the lengthy and difficult process required to enact legislation, but has the
same effect and formal status as legislation. Potential disadvantage is that
legislature or the next chief executive can revoke it.
