Summary Pearson Edexcel A Level Chemistry (Year 1 and Year 2) - Unit 6.1 - Introduction to organic chemistry (9CH0)

6.1 - Introduction to organic chemistry
●​ ***Organic chemistry is the scientific study of the structure, properties, composition,
reactions and preparation of compounds containing both carbon and hydrogen


Organic families
●​ Organic compounds can be classified into particular organic families/homologous
series
●​ ***Homologous series: a family of molecules with same general formula &
functional group - hence similar chemical properties; each member differs by CH2/an
RFM constant - hence trend in physical properties (eg increasing boiling points due
to stronger London forces...)
●​ ***Functional group: a group of atoms in a particular arrangement (in an organic
molecule)
●​ List of homologous series {for all cyclic compounds of all functional groups, -H2 from
general formulae}:

Name of homologous General Functional Example
series formula group

Alkanes (烷烴) CnH2n+2 -




butane (C4H10)




cyclobutane (C4H8)

Alkenes (烯烴) CnH2n C＝C (double
bond)



E-but-2-ene (C4H8)




cyclobutene (C4H6)




1

, Alkynes (炔烴) CnH2n-2 C☰C (triple
bond)




but-2-yne (C4H6)




cyclobutyne (C4H4)

Alcohols (醇) CnH2n+1OH —OH (hydroxyl
group [羥基])




2-methylpropan-2-ol (C4H9OH)

Ethers (醚) CnH2n+2O —O—
(CANNOT be
carbonyl group)



methoxymethane (CH3OCH3)

Aldehydes (醛) CnH2n+1CHO




propanal (C2H5CHO)



(formyl group
[甲酰基])

Ketones (酮) CnH2nO




(carbonyl group
[羰基])
pentan-3-one (C5H10O)


2

, Arenes (芳香烴) CnH2n-6m (where (aryl group [芳
m is number of 基])
rings)




benzene (C6H6)

Carboxylic acids (羧酸) Cn-1H2n-1COOH




(carboxyl group
[羧基])



​
ethanoic acid

Esters (酯) RCOOR’
(where R is an
alcohol, R’ is a
carboxylic
acid)
propyl butanoate

Halogenoalkanes (鹵代 CnH2n+2-qXq —X (where X is
烷烴) (where q is a hydrogen
number of atom replaced
substitutions) by a halogen
atom)

chloroethane (C2H5Cl)




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