Bio202 Final Exam GCU with correct
answers
3 ways filtration happens at renal corpuscle - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-1. fenestrated endothelium (picky)
2. lamina densa (pickier)
3. filtration slits (pickiest)
what is Glomerulonephritis - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-inflammation of the glomeruli that affects the
filtration mechanism of the kidneys
low osmolarity - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-little solute lots of water
high osmolarity - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-lots of solute little bit of water
hydrostatic pressure push or pull? - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-to push
colloid osmotic pressure push or pull? - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-pull
what is the GFR - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-glomerular filtration rate; the amount of filtrate the kidneys
produce each minute
what are the 3 levels of GFR control? - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-1. auto regulation (local level)
2. autonomic regulation (sympathetic ANS)
3. hormonal regulation (kidneys)
what can reduced blood flow trigger? - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-1. dilation of afferent arteriole
2. dilation of glomerular capillaries
3. constriction of efferent arterioles
what if there is a rise in renal blood pressure? - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-1. stretches walls of afferent
arterioles
2. causes juxtaglomerular cells to contract
3. constricts afferent arterioles
4. decreases glomerular blood flow
hormonal regulation of GFR - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-RAAS and ANP/BNP
do protons raise or lower pH? - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-lower, make it more acidic
does bicarbonate raise or lower the pH? - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-raise, make it more basic
, in the descending limb fluid flows toward? - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-renal pelvis
in the ascending limb fluid flows toward? - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-renal cortex
what is the countercurrent multiplier? - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-Loop of Henle
4 processes of the DCT - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-1. acid/base balance
2. selective reabsorption of Na and Ca
3. maintenance of GFR
4. selective reabsorption of water (ADH)
3 of juxtaglomerular apparatus cell types - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-1. macula densa
2. juxtaglomerular cells
3. mesangial cells
what determines the final osmotic concentration and volume of urine? - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-ADH
3 main organic waste products - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-1. Urea-breakdown of amino acids
2. Creatinine-breakdown of creatine phosphate (from cellular respiration)
3. Uric acid-waste product during recycling of RNA
What is urea synthesis? - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-liver converts ammonia to urea which is removed from
blood by kidneys
What is transport maximum? - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-transport rate at saturation
What is the renal threshold? - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-the plasma concentration at which a specific
compound or ion begins to appear in urine
What is glycouria? - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-glucose in the urine
what is aminaciduria? - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-amino acids in the urine
3 P's of diabetes - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia
3 triggers of RAAS - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-1. blood pressure changes
2. stimulation of juxtaglomerular granular cells
3. decrease in osmolarity of the tubular fluid
what does aldosterone do? - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-decreases Na+ lost in urine, increases K+ loss in
urine, increases H+ loss in urine
layers of bladder???? - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, adventitia???
urinary tract infection (UTI) - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-second most common following respiratory
infections, bacteria first infects the urethra, then bladder, and finally the kidneys
answers
3 ways filtration happens at renal corpuscle - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-1. fenestrated endothelium (picky)
2. lamina densa (pickier)
3. filtration slits (pickiest)
what is Glomerulonephritis - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-inflammation of the glomeruli that affects the
filtration mechanism of the kidneys
low osmolarity - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-little solute lots of water
high osmolarity - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-lots of solute little bit of water
hydrostatic pressure push or pull? - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-to push
colloid osmotic pressure push or pull? - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-pull
what is the GFR - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-glomerular filtration rate; the amount of filtrate the kidneys
produce each minute
what are the 3 levels of GFR control? - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-1. auto regulation (local level)
2. autonomic regulation (sympathetic ANS)
3. hormonal regulation (kidneys)
what can reduced blood flow trigger? - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-1. dilation of afferent arteriole
2. dilation of glomerular capillaries
3. constriction of efferent arterioles
what if there is a rise in renal blood pressure? - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-1. stretches walls of afferent
arterioles
2. causes juxtaglomerular cells to contract
3. constricts afferent arterioles
4. decreases glomerular blood flow
hormonal regulation of GFR - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-RAAS and ANP/BNP
do protons raise or lower pH? - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-lower, make it more acidic
does bicarbonate raise or lower the pH? - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-raise, make it more basic
, in the descending limb fluid flows toward? - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-renal pelvis
in the ascending limb fluid flows toward? - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-renal cortex
what is the countercurrent multiplier? - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-Loop of Henle
4 processes of the DCT - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-1. acid/base balance
2. selective reabsorption of Na and Ca
3. maintenance of GFR
4. selective reabsorption of water (ADH)
3 of juxtaglomerular apparatus cell types - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-1. macula densa
2. juxtaglomerular cells
3. mesangial cells
what determines the final osmotic concentration and volume of urine? - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-ADH
3 main organic waste products - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-1. Urea-breakdown of amino acids
2. Creatinine-breakdown of creatine phosphate (from cellular respiration)
3. Uric acid-waste product during recycling of RNA
What is urea synthesis? - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-liver converts ammonia to urea which is removed from
blood by kidneys
What is transport maximum? - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-transport rate at saturation
What is the renal threshold? - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-the plasma concentration at which a specific
compound or ion begins to appear in urine
What is glycouria? - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-glucose in the urine
what is aminaciduria? - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-amino acids in the urine
3 P's of diabetes - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia
3 triggers of RAAS - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-1. blood pressure changes
2. stimulation of juxtaglomerular granular cells
3. decrease in osmolarity of the tubular fluid
what does aldosterone do? - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-decreases Na+ lost in urine, increases K+ loss in
urine, increases H+ loss in urine
layers of bladder???? - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, adventitia???
urinary tract infection (UTI) - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-second most common following respiratory
infections, bacteria first infects the urethra, then bladder, and finally the kidneys
