BIO 163 TEST PAPER 2025/2026 QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS RANKED A+
✔✔plateau - ✔✔second stage
- parasympathetic control
- clitois engorged
- lower 1/3 of vagina constricts for stimulation for penis
✔✔orgasm - ✔✔climax of sexual stimulation, third stage
- sympathetic
- coordianted contraction of pelvis and vaginal muscles
- uterus peristaltic contractions
✔✔resolution - ✔✔4th stage
- muscles relax
- excitment responses decreas
✔✔universal donor - ✔✔O-
✔✔universal recipient - ✔✔AB+
✔✔agglutination - ✔✔clumping of red blood cells
✔✔gametogensis - ✔✔production of gametes by gonads
- ovary (gonad) --> oocyte
- testes (gonad) --> sperm
✔✔homologous structure - ✔✔Structures in different species that are similar because of
common ancestry
- testes and ovaries develop from same
✔✔mature follicles - ✔✔follicle that has reached maximum size and in which the oocyte
has reached maturity (ovum)
- divide --> produce estrogen
✔✔tunica albuginea - ✔✔fibrous capsule of the testes
✔✔tunica vaginalis - ✔✔The delicate layer of serous membrane that covers the testis is
called the
✔✔Interstitial (Leydig) cells - ✔✔produce testosterone, cells between tubules of Rete
testes
✔✔spermatagonia - ✔✔divide to become sperm
, ✔✔sustenacular cells - ✔✔support spermatagonia
✔✔rete testes - ✔✔delicate tubules transporting sperm from semi fibrous tubules to
ducts
✔✔cremaster smooth muscle - ✔✔controls temperature of scrotum, extends for
spermatic cord
✔✔sperm pathway - ✔✔testes, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra
✔✔ immunity - ✔✔Resistance to disease
✔✔natural killer cells - ✔✔white blood cell in all tissues that kills infected/abnormal cells
- does not respond to specific antigens (non specific defense cell)
✔✔antigen - ✔✔molecules thave have potential to generate antibodies and create
immune response
✔✔Antibodies - ✔✔Specialized proteins that aid in destroying infectious agents from
antigens
- only interact with certain antigens
-in blood plasma
✔✔self antigens - ✔✔dont usually trigger response
- if they do --> autoimmune disease --> immune system destroys your own cells
✔✔non-specific defense - ✔✔attacks any pathogens
- external barriers (skin)
- phagocytic cells
- natural killer cells
- fever
- inflammation
etc
✔✔specific defenses - ✔✔attack specific, identified pathogen
- cell mediated immunity
- antibody-mediated immunity
✔✔phagocytic cells - ✔✔Cells that engulf and digest pathogens
- dendritic cells and macrophages (present antigens they engulf)
- non specific
✔✔dendritic cells - ✔✔phagocytic cells in skin and mucosa
SOLUTIONS RANKED A+
✔✔plateau - ✔✔second stage
- parasympathetic control
- clitois engorged
- lower 1/3 of vagina constricts for stimulation for penis
✔✔orgasm - ✔✔climax of sexual stimulation, third stage
- sympathetic
- coordianted contraction of pelvis and vaginal muscles
- uterus peristaltic contractions
✔✔resolution - ✔✔4th stage
- muscles relax
- excitment responses decreas
✔✔universal donor - ✔✔O-
✔✔universal recipient - ✔✔AB+
✔✔agglutination - ✔✔clumping of red blood cells
✔✔gametogensis - ✔✔production of gametes by gonads
- ovary (gonad) --> oocyte
- testes (gonad) --> sperm
✔✔homologous structure - ✔✔Structures in different species that are similar because of
common ancestry
- testes and ovaries develop from same
✔✔mature follicles - ✔✔follicle that has reached maximum size and in which the oocyte
has reached maturity (ovum)
- divide --> produce estrogen
✔✔tunica albuginea - ✔✔fibrous capsule of the testes
✔✔tunica vaginalis - ✔✔The delicate layer of serous membrane that covers the testis is
called the
✔✔Interstitial (Leydig) cells - ✔✔produce testosterone, cells between tubules of Rete
testes
✔✔spermatagonia - ✔✔divide to become sperm
, ✔✔sustenacular cells - ✔✔support spermatagonia
✔✔rete testes - ✔✔delicate tubules transporting sperm from semi fibrous tubules to
ducts
✔✔cremaster smooth muscle - ✔✔controls temperature of scrotum, extends for
spermatic cord
✔✔sperm pathway - ✔✔testes, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra
✔✔ immunity - ✔✔Resistance to disease
✔✔natural killer cells - ✔✔white blood cell in all tissues that kills infected/abnormal cells
- does not respond to specific antigens (non specific defense cell)
✔✔antigen - ✔✔molecules thave have potential to generate antibodies and create
immune response
✔✔Antibodies - ✔✔Specialized proteins that aid in destroying infectious agents from
antigens
- only interact with certain antigens
-in blood plasma
✔✔self antigens - ✔✔dont usually trigger response
- if they do --> autoimmune disease --> immune system destroys your own cells
✔✔non-specific defense - ✔✔attacks any pathogens
- external barriers (skin)
- phagocytic cells
- natural killer cells
- fever
- inflammation
etc
✔✔specific defenses - ✔✔attack specific, identified pathogen
- cell mediated immunity
- antibody-mediated immunity
✔✔phagocytic cells - ✔✔Cells that engulf and digest pathogens
- dendritic cells and macrophages (present antigens they engulf)
- non specific
✔✔dendritic cells - ✔✔phagocytic cells in skin and mucosa
