BIO 163 PRACTICE EXAMS 2025/2026 QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS RANKED A+
✔✔| Diploid | A cell that has two sets of chromosomes (2n). | - ✔✔
✔✔| Haploid | A cell with only one set of chromosomes (n) - ✔✔such as gametes. |
✔✔| Non-disjunction | Failure of chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis. | -
✔✔
✔✔| Meiosis vs. Mitosis | Meiosis produces 4 unique haploid cells; mitosis produces 2
identical diploid cells. | - ✔✔
✔✔| Gamete | A reproductive cell (egg or sperm) with half the usual number of
chromosomes. | - ✔✔
✔✔| Crossing Over | Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes
during meiosis. | - ✔✔
✔✔| Heterozygous | Having two different alleles for a trait (e.g. - ✔✔Aa). |
✔✔| Homozygous | Having two identical alleles for a trait (e.g. - ✔✔AA or aa). |
✔✔| Genotype | The genetic makeup of an organism (e.g. - ✔✔TT, Tt, or tt). |
✔✔| Phenotype | The physical expression of a trait (e.g. - ✔✔tall, short). |
✔✔| Recessive Allele | An allele expressed only when two copies are present. | - ✔✔
✔✔| Dominant Allele | An allele that is expressed if at least one copy is present. | - ✔✔
✔✔| Codominance | Both alleles are fully expressed (e.g. - ✔✔AB blood type). |
✔✔| Incomplete Dominance | A blending of traits in heterozygotes (e.g. - ✔✔red + white
= pink). |
✔✔| Punnett Square | A diagram used to predict the genetic outcomes of a cross. | -
✔✔
✔✔| Dihybrid Cross | A genetic cross involving two traits. | - ✔✔
✔✔| Sex-linked Trait | A trait associated with genes on sex chromosomes (usually X-
linked). | - ✔✔
, ✔✔| Hemophilia | A sex-linked disorder that affects blood clotting. | - ✔✔
✔✔| Carrier | An individual who carries one copy of a recessive allele but does not
express it. | - ✔✔
✔✔| Autosomal | Refers to genes located on chromosomes other than the sex
chromosomes. | - ✔✔
✔✔| Multiple Alleles | More than two forms of a gene exist (e.g. - ✔✔A, B, O blood
types). |
✔✔| Blood Typing | Determining an individual's blood group based on antigens (A -
✔✔B, AB, O). |
✔✔| Pedigree Chart | A family tree diagram showing inheritance of a trait. | - ✔✔
✔✔| Trisomy | A condition where an individual has three copies of a chromosome (e.g. -
✔✔Trisomy 21). |
✔✔| Karyotype | An image of chromosomes used to detect genetic disorders. | - ✔✔
✔✔| Gregor Mendel | The father of genetics; discovered the laws of inheritance. | - ✔✔
✔✔| Epigenetics | Study of changes in gene expression not caused by changes in DNA
sequence. | - ✔✔
✔✔| Karyotype Disorders | Examples: Down syndrome - ✔✔Turner syndrome,
Klinefelter syndrome. | |
✔✔| -------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------- | - ✔✔
✔✔| Sickle Cell and Malaria | A genetic condition that provides resistance to malaria in
heterozygotes. | - ✔✔
✔✔| Evolution of Lactase Persistence | Continued production of lactase into adulthood
due to natural selection in dairy-consuming populations. | - ✔✔
✔✔| Darwin's Theory | Based on natural selection - ✔✔variation, survival of the fittest,
and descent with modification. |
SOLUTIONS RANKED A+
✔✔| Diploid | A cell that has two sets of chromosomes (2n). | - ✔✔
✔✔| Haploid | A cell with only one set of chromosomes (n) - ✔✔such as gametes. |
✔✔| Non-disjunction | Failure of chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis. | -
✔✔
✔✔| Meiosis vs. Mitosis | Meiosis produces 4 unique haploid cells; mitosis produces 2
identical diploid cells. | - ✔✔
✔✔| Gamete | A reproductive cell (egg or sperm) with half the usual number of
chromosomes. | - ✔✔
✔✔| Crossing Over | Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes
during meiosis. | - ✔✔
✔✔| Heterozygous | Having two different alleles for a trait (e.g. - ✔✔Aa). |
✔✔| Homozygous | Having two identical alleles for a trait (e.g. - ✔✔AA or aa). |
✔✔| Genotype | The genetic makeup of an organism (e.g. - ✔✔TT, Tt, or tt). |
✔✔| Phenotype | The physical expression of a trait (e.g. - ✔✔tall, short). |
✔✔| Recessive Allele | An allele expressed only when two copies are present. | - ✔✔
✔✔| Dominant Allele | An allele that is expressed if at least one copy is present. | - ✔✔
✔✔| Codominance | Both alleles are fully expressed (e.g. - ✔✔AB blood type). |
✔✔| Incomplete Dominance | A blending of traits in heterozygotes (e.g. - ✔✔red + white
= pink). |
✔✔| Punnett Square | A diagram used to predict the genetic outcomes of a cross. | -
✔✔
✔✔| Dihybrid Cross | A genetic cross involving two traits. | - ✔✔
✔✔| Sex-linked Trait | A trait associated with genes on sex chromosomes (usually X-
linked). | - ✔✔
, ✔✔| Hemophilia | A sex-linked disorder that affects blood clotting. | - ✔✔
✔✔| Carrier | An individual who carries one copy of a recessive allele but does not
express it. | - ✔✔
✔✔| Autosomal | Refers to genes located on chromosomes other than the sex
chromosomes. | - ✔✔
✔✔| Multiple Alleles | More than two forms of a gene exist (e.g. - ✔✔A, B, O blood
types). |
✔✔| Blood Typing | Determining an individual's blood group based on antigens (A -
✔✔B, AB, O). |
✔✔| Pedigree Chart | A family tree diagram showing inheritance of a trait. | - ✔✔
✔✔| Trisomy | A condition where an individual has three copies of a chromosome (e.g. -
✔✔Trisomy 21). |
✔✔| Karyotype | An image of chromosomes used to detect genetic disorders. | - ✔✔
✔✔| Gregor Mendel | The father of genetics; discovered the laws of inheritance. | - ✔✔
✔✔| Epigenetics | Study of changes in gene expression not caused by changes in DNA
sequence. | - ✔✔
✔✔| Karyotype Disorders | Examples: Down syndrome - ✔✔Turner syndrome,
Klinefelter syndrome. | |
✔✔| -------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------- | - ✔✔
✔✔| Sickle Cell and Malaria | A genetic condition that provides resistance to malaria in
heterozygotes. | - ✔✔
✔✔| Evolution of Lactase Persistence | Continued production of lactase into adulthood
due to natural selection in dairy-consuming populations. | - ✔✔
✔✔| Darwin's Theory | Based on natural selection - ✔✔variation, survival of the fittest,
and descent with modification. |
