CRIME AND DEVIANCE
FUNCTIONALISA 40 MARKER
INTRO Collective conscience
a macro perspective
interested in social structures + processes that lead to deviance
assumes everyone in a culture shores a set of Commo norms t values ,
which maintains balance insociety
social change can weaken; more crime
-
law in placeto balance selfish+ greedy people
mus
functional t inevitable in all societies
* DURKHEM 3 functions of crime
Oboundary maintenancesocial boundaries , harsher punishment
less crimeI ZTP)
changerform
social Press)
lack of norms + values = ANOMIE <normlessness/STrAin
> we need to expect crime ; social order t crime are linked L MORAL INSTRUCTION
> social control ensures only a number of norms values are acceptable providing predictability + a
,
means of policing the
boundaries'
> crime as a SAFETY VALVE releases pressures in orderto prevent worsethings happening
> Crime as A FORM OF WARNING a defect in social organisation
don'tprovide causes of Crime /Leat Young
REALISM I
ignores how crime may affect different groups
>claims society requires a certain amount o deviance to function - no indication to how much
-malist
societies sufferfrom anomie
* MERTON , strain theory rexplains we criminality
thestrain/conflict between the goals set by society andthe legitimate means of achieving them
> socialisation
W process instills in its membersthese goals and objectives
a
primary example
The AmericalDream , the set of ideals in Western society in which freedom includes the opportunity for prosperity success ,
as well as an
upward social mobility achieved through hard work and effort
w
Merton claims that this strain is a product of an unequal social class structure that
MERITOCRACY
blocks opportunities forthe lower classes of
society
leading to a split of people achieving success through either legitimate means effort educational success) or
illegitimate means (crime) > not
- criminal
> five different responses : O conformity ④ innovation
② ritualism ⑤ rebellion
④ retreatism
COHEN
youth believe in the success Goals of MS culture but their experiences living
we ,
of failure in education ,
in deprived
areas having the worst chances in the job market .
little opportunity tosucceed by legitimate means I STATUS FRUSTRATION L
develop DELINQUENT SUBCULTURES
>
opportunityto gain status in peer groups
MARXISM <consensus =
an illusion that conceals reality > element of revenge
m are more varied subcultural responses take Merton's idea as a starting point
> but not
everyone adapts to a lack of legitimate
opportunities by turning to innovation
* CLOWARDOHLIN Criticise Cohen's Cultural explanation of crime
sparticularly his failureto explain the variety of subcultural forms that emerge out of the social
[ structure
people respond differently
> to their situations
① CRIMINAL SUBCULTURES
·provides W/C youth with an they orgue that Cohen's theory doesn't allow for the diversity of responses found anong WC youth
apprenticeship for a career in
utilitarian crime
· arises in neighbourhoods w/ a longstanding + stable criminal culture + a hierarchy of professional adult crime
2 RETREATIST SUBCULTURES
· noteveryone who aspires to be a professional criminal succeeds
MILLERnot a functionalist) l criticise all these views
· 'double failures' in both legitimate + illegitimate opportunities
> criticises ideathat delinquent subcultures
CONFLICT SUBCULTURES
emerge as a reaction to
3 anomie
·
arise in areas of high populationturnoverr , social disorganisation +
Stable professional criminal network
I believes that WC youths never accept us hormest values in the first place
·
only illegitimate opportunities are in loosely organised groups. socialised into
L a set of FOCAL CONCERNS
· violence provides release for frustration at blocked opportunities.
We boys careabout
·
asserting dominance + masculinity
* can't experience anomie if never socialised into MS society a
, CRIME AND DEVIANCE
MSM 40 MARKER
,
malism
driving force for capitalism making is a ,
it criminal
<
the idea of capitalism causespeopleto commitcrive making ,
crime and deviance inevitable.
* GORDON (1991)
> Most WC crime is a realistic + rational responseto inequalities withinthe system
why aren't we committing more crime?
-
> Characteristics ofCapitalism
I competition
Consumerism /culture ofenvy
2
③ individualism + narcissism /decline of moral values ; dog-eat-dog)
" greed (driving forceforwed
NEO-MARXiSTS < Marxists fail to lookat external factors other than Capitalism , e .
. societal reactions
g
> TAYLOR WALTON YOUNG .
'fully SocialTheory's more holistic approachto researching deviance.
- a
"The widerorigins ofthe deviant ac t" individual behaviour in cultural context
.
·
1ststage =
·
Taststage = "The impact of societal reaction on futurebehaviour" > Micro causes of deviance
"mum
pass big are reluctantto lawsthat offend businesses due to their power
causesthe lawto caterto andservethe capitalist class
* SNIDER (1993)< the state fearsthreateningprofitability
L law appearsto be
caring for everyonein society ; but passes over + shows a blind
eyeto laws againsthe rich
L not as rigourously enforced as laws against BCC
* CHAMBLISS "Selective Law Enforcement'
"The disproportionate focus ofthe CTS onactions of the WC"
ignores actions of the ruling class ( incorrect perceptionthat he commit more crime
~
C .
g in 2019 there
.
47 , 000 knife orsharp instrumental-related offences inthe UK mediafocus
,
were
over 69 , 000 work-related accidents /147deaths)
L mediat
police ignored
. BrockTurner (2016) power of big businesses using law as a political instrument
> shows
> e g
locus on investment + surplus value
.
,
to
>* BOX : Lower classes have unequal accesstothe creation
of laws lack of cultural capital.
there are some laws which are morally agreed by everyone insociety
childabuse
< e .
. laws preventing
g
FUNCTIONALISTS DURKHEM > crime strengthens social cohesio
> creates collective consciousness
- can also act as a safety valve
m
weaponised by u
; performs ideologicalfunction
>
has been
to spread ruling class beliefstothe poor
the rich an
* ALTHUSSER 'Ideological State Apparatus'
WC -keeps Controlled t obedientto the bourgeoise who own the means of , production , by maintaining t legitimising class
inequality
.
economic power guarantees political +social power I RC can setthe agenda .
* BONGER <
powerful areableto define crimeas . property crime
anythingthreateningtheir interests (e g .
crimes
allowing law enforcementto focus onproletariat
W
LAWS THATSHOW POWERT INFLUENCE OF CAPITALIST CLASS
* Public Order +CriminalJusticeAct 1994
* Health+Safety at Work Actof 1974
A PEARSE by givingthese laws a caring face they reflectthe false class consciousness among workers, allowing for a
> , false ideology to passor
* SNIDER-1997 study 100 000 occupationally-induced
discussed the murders
diseases//20 000 murders < ,
mediatly
,
> WC aren't disadvantaged by
RIGHTREALISTS authority
it's theirpoorsocialisation +
biological make-up .
CHARLES MURRAY
~
CLARKE
Cycle Criminality' bio-social theory'
solution-harsher sentencing .
FUNCTIONALISA 40 MARKER
INTRO Collective conscience
a macro perspective
interested in social structures + processes that lead to deviance
assumes everyone in a culture shores a set of Commo norms t values ,
which maintains balance insociety
social change can weaken; more crime
-
law in placeto balance selfish+ greedy people
mus
functional t inevitable in all societies
* DURKHEM 3 functions of crime
Oboundary maintenancesocial boundaries , harsher punishment
less crimeI ZTP)
changerform
social Press)
lack of norms + values = ANOMIE <normlessness/STrAin
> we need to expect crime ; social order t crime are linked L MORAL INSTRUCTION
> social control ensures only a number of norms values are acceptable providing predictability + a
,
means of policing the
boundaries'
> crime as a SAFETY VALVE releases pressures in orderto prevent worsethings happening
> Crime as A FORM OF WARNING a defect in social organisation
don'tprovide causes of Crime /Leat Young
REALISM I
ignores how crime may affect different groups
>claims society requires a certain amount o deviance to function - no indication to how much
-malist
societies sufferfrom anomie
* MERTON , strain theory rexplains we criminality
thestrain/conflict between the goals set by society andthe legitimate means of achieving them
> socialisation
W process instills in its membersthese goals and objectives
a
primary example
The AmericalDream , the set of ideals in Western society in which freedom includes the opportunity for prosperity success ,
as well as an
upward social mobility achieved through hard work and effort
w
Merton claims that this strain is a product of an unequal social class structure that
MERITOCRACY
blocks opportunities forthe lower classes of
society
leading to a split of people achieving success through either legitimate means effort educational success) or
illegitimate means (crime) > not
- criminal
> five different responses : O conformity ④ innovation
② ritualism ⑤ rebellion
④ retreatism
COHEN
youth believe in the success Goals of MS culture but their experiences living
we ,
of failure in education ,
in deprived
areas having the worst chances in the job market .
little opportunity tosucceed by legitimate means I STATUS FRUSTRATION L
develop DELINQUENT SUBCULTURES
>
opportunityto gain status in peer groups
MARXISM <consensus =
an illusion that conceals reality > element of revenge
m are more varied subcultural responses take Merton's idea as a starting point
> but not
everyone adapts to a lack of legitimate
opportunities by turning to innovation
* CLOWARDOHLIN Criticise Cohen's Cultural explanation of crime
sparticularly his failureto explain the variety of subcultural forms that emerge out of the social
[ structure
people respond differently
> to their situations
① CRIMINAL SUBCULTURES
·provides W/C youth with an they orgue that Cohen's theory doesn't allow for the diversity of responses found anong WC youth
apprenticeship for a career in
utilitarian crime
· arises in neighbourhoods w/ a longstanding + stable criminal culture + a hierarchy of professional adult crime
2 RETREATIST SUBCULTURES
· noteveryone who aspires to be a professional criminal succeeds
MILLERnot a functionalist) l criticise all these views
· 'double failures' in both legitimate + illegitimate opportunities
> criticises ideathat delinquent subcultures
CONFLICT SUBCULTURES
emerge as a reaction to
3 anomie
·
arise in areas of high populationturnoverr , social disorganisation +
Stable professional criminal network
I believes that WC youths never accept us hormest values in the first place
·
only illegitimate opportunities are in loosely organised groups. socialised into
L a set of FOCAL CONCERNS
· violence provides release for frustration at blocked opportunities.
We boys careabout
·
asserting dominance + masculinity
* can't experience anomie if never socialised into MS society a
, CRIME AND DEVIANCE
MSM 40 MARKER
,
malism
driving force for capitalism making is a ,
it criminal
<
the idea of capitalism causespeopleto commitcrive making ,
crime and deviance inevitable.
* GORDON (1991)
> Most WC crime is a realistic + rational responseto inequalities withinthe system
why aren't we committing more crime?
-
> Characteristics ofCapitalism
I competition
Consumerism /culture ofenvy
2
③ individualism + narcissism /decline of moral values ; dog-eat-dog)
" greed (driving forceforwed
NEO-MARXiSTS < Marxists fail to lookat external factors other than Capitalism , e .
. societal reactions
g
> TAYLOR WALTON YOUNG .
'fully SocialTheory's more holistic approachto researching deviance.
- a
"The widerorigins ofthe deviant ac t" individual behaviour in cultural context
.
·
1ststage =
·
Taststage = "The impact of societal reaction on futurebehaviour" > Micro causes of deviance
"mum
pass big are reluctantto lawsthat offend businesses due to their power
causesthe lawto caterto andservethe capitalist class
* SNIDER (1993)< the state fearsthreateningprofitability
L law appearsto be
caring for everyonein society ; but passes over + shows a blind
eyeto laws againsthe rich
L not as rigourously enforced as laws against BCC
* CHAMBLISS "Selective Law Enforcement'
"The disproportionate focus ofthe CTS onactions of the WC"
ignores actions of the ruling class ( incorrect perceptionthat he commit more crime
~
C .
g in 2019 there
.
47 , 000 knife orsharp instrumental-related offences inthe UK mediafocus
,
were
over 69 , 000 work-related accidents /147deaths)
L mediat
police ignored
. BrockTurner (2016) power of big businesses using law as a political instrument
> shows
> e g
locus on investment + surplus value
.
,
to
>* BOX : Lower classes have unequal accesstothe creation
of laws lack of cultural capital.
there are some laws which are morally agreed by everyone insociety
childabuse
< e .
. laws preventing
g
FUNCTIONALISTS DURKHEM > crime strengthens social cohesio
> creates collective consciousness
- can also act as a safety valve
m
weaponised by u
; performs ideologicalfunction
>
has been
to spread ruling class beliefstothe poor
the rich an
* ALTHUSSER 'Ideological State Apparatus'
WC -keeps Controlled t obedientto the bourgeoise who own the means of , production , by maintaining t legitimising class
inequality
.
economic power guarantees political +social power I RC can setthe agenda .
* BONGER <
powerful areableto define crimeas . property crime
anythingthreateningtheir interests (e g .
crimes
allowing law enforcementto focus onproletariat
W
LAWS THATSHOW POWERT INFLUENCE OF CAPITALIST CLASS
* Public Order +CriminalJusticeAct 1994
* Health+Safety at Work Actof 1974
A PEARSE by givingthese laws a caring face they reflectthe false class consciousness among workers, allowing for a
> , false ideology to passor
* SNIDER-1997 study 100 000 occupationally-induced
discussed the murders
diseases//20 000 murders < ,
mediatly
,
> WC aren't disadvantaged by
RIGHTREALISTS authority
it's theirpoorsocialisation +
biological make-up .
CHARLES MURRAY
~
CLARKE
Cycle Criminality' bio-social theory'
solution-harsher sentencing .
