Bio 252 Final exam with correct answers
Communities| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-Groups| of| interacting| species| that| occur| together| at| the| same|
place| and| time.
Functional| group| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-A| subset| of| a| community| that| includes| species| that|
function| in| similar| ways| but| may| or| may| not| use| similar| resources.
Food| web| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-a| representation| of| the| trophic| or| energetic| connections| among|
species| within| a| community.
Trophic| Levels| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-groups| of| species| that| have| similar| ways| of| interacting| and|
obtaining| energy.
Horizontal| Interactions| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-non-trophic| interactions,| such| as| competition| and|
positive| interactions.
Species| Diversity| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-a| measure| that| combines| species| richness| (number| of|
species)| and| their| abundances| compared| with| those| of| the| other| species| (species| evenness).
Species| richness| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-Easiest| metric| to| determine;| simply| counts| all| the| species| in|
the| community.
Species| Evenness| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-Tells| us| the| commonness| or| rarity| of| species;| need| to|
know| abundance| of| each| species| in| a| community.
What| equation| do| we| use| to| find| a| number| of| species| diversity| indices?| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-
Shannon| Index
Shannon| Index| Equation| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-H=| the| Shannon| index| value
Pi=| the| proportion| of| individuals| found| in| the| -ith| species
Ln=| natural| log
s=| number| of| species| in| the| community.
Species| Composition| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-the| identity| of| the| species| present| in| the| community.
Trophic| Cascade| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-When| the| rate| of| consumption| at| one| trophic| level| results|
in| a| change| in| species| abundance| or| composition| at| lower| trophic| levels.|
Example:| When| sea| otters| consume| urchins| which| allows| for| the| kelp| forests| to| grow.
Trophic| Facilitation| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-Occurs| when| a| consumer| is| indirectly| helped| by| a|
positive| interaction| between| its| prey| and| another| species.|
,Example:| When| Juncus| was| removed,| Iva| growth| rate| decreased.| But| when| Iva| was| removed,| Junca|
was| not| affected.
Foundation| Species| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-The| total| affect| of| the| species| is| proportionate| to| the|
size| and| abundance| of| the| species.
Example:| Trees| are| big| and| abundant,| their| affect| is| also| great.
Song| birds| are| small| and| less| abundant,| they| have| little| affect| on| the| environment.
Keystone| species| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-Their| total| affect| as| a| species| in| not| to| their| abundance.|
Example:| Pisasters,| sea| otters
Ecosystem| Engineers| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-Species| that| are| able| to| create,| modify,| or| maintain|
physical| habitats| for| themselves| and| other| species.|
Example:| Trees
Tree| roots| aerate| soil,| fallen| trees| can| serve| as| nurse| logs,| fallen| leaves| provide| habitat| for|
invertebrates/seeds/microbes,| trees| affect| temperature| and| moisture| by| reducing| effects| of|
sun/wind/rain.
Beavers| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-Keystone| species| and| engineers
Damming| streams| creates| networks| of| different| types| of| wetlands--| increasing| biodiversity.
Killer| Algae
What| was| the| invasive| organism?
Where| did| it| come| from?
How| did| it| spread?
What| were| its| affects?
How| can| scientists| stop| its| growth?| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-1.| Caulerpa| Taxifolia,| spreads| through|
underground| stems| called| rhizomes.
, 2.| Originated| from| the| Caribbeans
3.| Spread| though| algal| trade| from| a| tropical| aquarium| in| Germany.| Was| used| for| aesthetic|
background| for| tropical| fish,| but| then| realized| they| accidentally| released| a| cold-resistant| strain.
Later| spread| within| the| Mediterranean| because| of| fragments| being| stuck| to| gear/anchors| of| fishing|
vessels.
4.| Out| competed| all| native| species| in| rocky,| sandy,| and| muddy| environments.| Especially| decreased|
sea| grass| forests| of| posidonia| oceanica.| Also| shed| a| toxin| that| killed| nearby| organisms.|
5.| Scientists| could| not| stop| the| growth| in| the| Mediterranean| because| it| was| too| late.| So,| to| maintain|
it,| there| was| a| ban| on| the| trade| of| algae.| Also,| when| it| was| seen| in| San| Diego,| CA,| there| was|
immediate| action| of| killing| it| off| with| chlorine| gas.
Succession| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-Change| in| the| species| composition| of| communities| over| time.
Abiotic| agents| of| change| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-Waves/currents,| wind,| water| supply,| chemical|
composition,| temperature,| volcanic| activity
Biotic| agents| of| change| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-Competition,| predation,| herbivory,| disease,|
parasitism,| trampling,| digging,| boring.
Primary| vs.| Secondary| Succession| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-Primary:| the| colonization| of| habitats| that|
are| devoid| of| life.
Secondary:| reestablishment| of| communities| in| which| most| (but| not| all)| organisms| or| organic|
constituents| have| been| destroyed.
Climax| Stage| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-a| stable| end| point| that| experiences| little| change| until| a|
particularly| intense| disturbance| send| the| community| back| to| an| earlier| stage.
Pioneer| stage| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-early| stage| of| plant| succession
You| are| in| Glacier| Bay.| Starting| at| a| location| dominated| by| alders,| you| would| most| likely| first| run|
into| the| _______| stage| if| you| went| toward| the| glacier's| edge.| You| would| most| likely| first| run| into|
the| _______| stage| if| you| went| away| from| the| glacier's| edge.| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-Dryas;| Spruce
Select| all| the| statements| that| are| true| about| K-selected| species:
I.| Are| typically| late-successional
II.| Have| rapid| growth| potential
Communities| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-Groups| of| interacting| species| that| occur| together| at| the| same|
place| and| time.
Functional| group| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-A| subset| of| a| community| that| includes| species| that|
function| in| similar| ways| but| may| or| may| not| use| similar| resources.
Food| web| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-a| representation| of| the| trophic| or| energetic| connections| among|
species| within| a| community.
Trophic| Levels| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-groups| of| species| that| have| similar| ways| of| interacting| and|
obtaining| energy.
Horizontal| Interactions| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-non-trophic| interactions,| such| as| competition| and|
positive| interactions.
Species| Diversity| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-a| measure| that| combines| species| richness| (number| of|
species)| and| their| abundances| compared| with| those| of| the| other| species| (species| evenness).
Species| richness| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-Easiest| metric| to| determine;| simply| counts| all| the| species| in|
the| community.
Species| Evenness| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-Tells| us| the| commonness| or| rarity| of| species;| need| to|
know| abundance| of| each| species| in| a| community.
What| equation| do| we| use| to| find| a| number| of| species| diversity| indices?| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-
Shannon| Index
Shannon| Index| Equation| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-H=| the| Shannon| index| value
Pi=| the| proportion| of| individuals| found| in| the| -ith| species
Ln=| natural| log
s=| number| of| species| in| the| community.
Species| Composition| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-the| identity| of| the| species| present| in| the| community.
Trophic| Cascade| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-When| the| rate| of| consumption| at| one| trophic| level| results|
in| a| change| in| species| abundance| or| composition| at| lower| trophic| levels.|
Example:| When| sea| otters| consume| urchins| which| allows| for| the| kelp| forests| to| grow.
Trophic| Facilitation| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-Occurs| when| a| consumer| is| indirectly| helped| by| a|
positive| interaction| between| its| prey| and| another| species.|
,Example:| When| Juncus| was| removed,| Iva| growth| rate| decreased.| But| when| Iva| was| removed,| Junca|
was| not| affected.
Foundation| Species| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-The| total| affect| of| the| species| is| proportionate| to| the|
size| and| abundance| of| the| species.
Example:| Trees| are| big| and| abundant,| their| affect| is| also| great.
Song| birds| are| small| and| less| abundant,| they| have| little| affect| on| the| environment.
Keystone| species| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-Their| total| affect| as| a| species| in| not| to| their| abundance.|
Example:| Pisasters,| sea| otters
Ecosystem| Engineers| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-Species| that| are| able| to| create,| modify,| or| maintain|
physical| habitats| for| themselves| and| other| species.|
Example:| Trees
Tree| roots| aerate| soil,| fallen| trees| can| serve| as| nurse| logs,| fallen| leaves| provide| habitat| for|
invertebrates/seeds/microbes,| trees| affect| temperature| and| moisture| by| reducing| effects| of|
sun/wind/rain.
Beavers| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-Keystone| species| and| engineers
Damming| streams| creates| networks| of| different| types| of| wetlands--| increasing| biodiversity.
Killer| Algae
What| was| the| invasive| organism?
Where| did| it| come| from?
How| did| it| spread?
What| were| its| affects?
How| can| scientists| stop| its| growth?| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-1.| Caulerpa| Taxifolia,| spreads| through|
underground| stems| called| rhizomes.
, 2.| Originated| from| the| Caribbeans
3.| Spread| though| algal| trade| from| a| tropical| aquarium| in| Germany.| Was| used| for| aesthetic|
background| for| tropical| fish,| but| then| realized| they| accidentally| released| a| cold-resistant| strain.
Later| spread| within| the| Mediterranean| because| of| fragments| being| stuck| to| gear/anchors| of| fishing|
vessels.
4.| Out| competed| all| native| species| in| rocky,| sandy,| and| muddy| environments.| Especially| decreased|
sea| grass| forests| of| posidonia| oceanica.| Also| shed| a| toxin| that| killed| nearby| organisms.|
5.| Scientists| could| not| stop| the| growth| in| the| Mediterranean| because| it| was| too| late.| So,| to| maintain|
it,| there| was| a| ban| on| the| trade| of| algae.| Also,| when| it| was| seen| in| San| Diego,| CA,| there| was|
immediate| action| of| killing| it| off| with| chlorine| gas.
Succession| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-Change| in| the| species| composition| of| communities| over| time.
Abiotic| agents| of| change| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-Waves/currents,| wind,| water| supply,| chemical|
composition,| temperature,| volcanic| activity
Biotic| agents| of| change| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-Competition,| predation,| herbivory,| disease,|
parasitism,| trampling,| digging,| boring.
Primary| vs.| Secondary| Succession| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-Primary:| the| colonization| of| habitats| that|
are| devoid| of| life.
Secondary:| reestablishment| of| communities| in| which| most| (but| not| all)| organisms| or| organic|
constituents| have| been| destroyed.
Climax| Stage| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-a| stable| end| point| that| experiences| little| change| until| a|
particularly| intense| disturbance| send| the| community| back| to| an| earlier| stage.
Pioneer| stage| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-early| stage| of| plant| succession
You| are| in| Glacier| Bay.| Starting| at| a| location| dominated| by| alders,| you| would| most| likely| first| run|
into| the| _______| stage| if| you| went| toward| the| glacier's| edge.| You| would| most| likely| first| run| into|
the| _______| stage| if| you| went| away| from| the| glacier's| edge.| -| VERIFIED| ANSWER✔✔-Dryas;| Spruce
Select| all| the| statements| that| are| true| about| K-selected| species:
I.| Are| typically| late-successional
II.| Have| rapid| growth| potential
