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Lecture notes

Cardiovascular Physiology LS4004

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These are concise, organized summaries of your lecture and textbook content. Cover key topics like heart structure, cardiac output, blood vessel types, control mechanisms, blood flow, pressure regulation, capillary exchange, and more. Include definitions, physiological mechanisms, equations (like CO = HR × SV), and explanations of important laws (Frank-Starling, Poiseuille’s). Highlight essential terms, diagrams (if requested), and physiological processes step-by-step. Example: Cardiac Output = HR × SV; CO increases with exercise. Parasympathetic stimulation lowers HR via M2 receptors; sympathetic increases HR & contractility via β1 receptors. Preload depends on venous return; afterload is resistance to ejection. 2. Exam Questions These include a mix of: Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) with answers for quick knowledge checks. Short answer questions to test specific definitions or concepts. Long essay-style questions that require detailed, structured explanations.

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Institution
Kingston University
Module
LS4004 Human Physiology (LS4004)











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Institution
Kingston University
Study
Unknown
Module
LS4004 Human Physiology (LS4004)
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Uploaded on
June 9, 2025
Number of pages
47
Written in
2024/2025
Type
Lecture notes
Professor(s)
Sw
Contains
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LS4004 HUMAN PHYSIOlOGY



CHAPTER 7 GASTROINTESTINAL PHYSIOLOGY

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,Q&A​ 3
EXAM NOTES​ 19
Cardiac Output (CO)​ 26
Control of Heart Rate​ 26
Stroke Volume (SV) Determinants​ 26
Frank-Starling Law​ 26
Venous Return Factors​ 26
Ejection Fraction (EF)​ 26




LT
Inotropes​ 27
Afterload​ 27
MCQs​ 34




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Cardiovascular Physiology MCQs​ 34




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3 ESSAY QUESTIONS WITH MODEL ANSWERS​ 40
Essay Question 1:​ 40
Model Answer:​ 40
Model Answer:​ 42
Model Answer:​ S 44
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