Pathophysiology Made Testable: Full-
Chapter Student Test Bank – 8th Edition"
Test Bank Companion to McCance &
Huether's Pathophysiology, 8th Ed – All
Chapters Covered"
,
,Table of Contents
1. Cellular Biology
2. Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology: Environmental Agents
3. The Cellular Environment: Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases
4. Genes and Genetic Diseases
5. Genes, Environment-Lifestyle, and Common Diseases
6. Epigenetics and Disease
7. Innate Immunity: Inflammation
8. Adaptive Immunity
9. Alterations in Immunity and Inflammation
10. Infection
11. Stress and Disease
12. Cancer Biology
13. Cancer Epidemiology
14. Cancer in Children
15. Structure and Function of the Neurologic System
16. Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function
17. Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and Motor Function
18. Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and the Neuromuscular Junction
19. Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders
20. Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children
21. Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation
22. Alterations of Hormonal Regulation
23. Obesity and Disorders of Nutrition
24. Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems
25. Alterations of the Female Reproductive System
26. Alterations of the Male Reproductive System
27. Reproductive Function in Children
,28. Structure and Function of the Hematologic System
29. Alterations of Erythrocyte, Platelet, and Hemostatic Function
30. Alterations of Leukocyte and Lymphoid Function
31. Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children
32. Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
33. Alterations of Cardiovascular Function
34. Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children
35. Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System
36. Alterations of Pulmonary Function
37. Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children
38. Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems
39. Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function
40. Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children
41. Structure and Function of the Digestive System
42. Alterations of Digestive Function
43. Alterations of Digestive Function in Children
44. Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System
45. Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function
46. Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children
47. Structure and Function of the Integumentary System
48. Alterations of the Integument in Children
49. Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Adults
50. Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Children
, 1. Question 1
Which of the following best describes the primary function
of the plasma membrane?
A. Protein synthesis
B. Energy production
C. Selective permeability and communication
D. Intracellular digestion
Correct Answer: C
Rationale:
o Why C is correct: The plasma membrane regulates
movement of substances into and out of the cell and
contains receptors for cell signaling, making it
selectively permeable and important for
communication.
o Why A is wrong: Protein synthesis occurs primarily in
ribosomes (free or attached to rough endoplasmic
reticulum), not in the plasma membrane.
o Why B is wrong: Energy production is primarily a
function of mitochondria.
o Why D is wrong: Intracellular digestion is performed
by lysosomes, not the plasma membrane.
2. Question 2
Which organelle is responsible for ATP (adenosine
triphosphate) production through oxidative
phosphorylation?
, A. Ribosome
B. Golgi apparatus
C. Lysosome
D. Mitochondrion
Correct Answer: D
Rationale:
o Why D is correct: Mitochondria contain the electron
transport chain and ATP synthase complexes needed
for oxidative phosphorylation.
o Why A is wrong: Ribosomes synthesize proteins, not
energy.
o Why B is wrong: The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts,
and packages proteins.
o Why C is wrong: Lysosomes carry out intracellular
digestion of debris.
3. Question 3
The rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is primarily
involved in:
A. Lipid synthesis
B. Detoxification of drugs
C. Protein synthesis into the lumen for processing
D. Calcium storage
Correct Answer: C
Rationale:
, o Why C is correct: Ribosomes attached to the RER
translate proteins directly into its lumen, where they
undergo folding and modification.
o Why A is wrong: Lipid synthesis is primarily a function
of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER).
o Why B is wrong: Detoxification of drugs occurs in the
SER (especially in hepatocytes).
o Why D is wrong: Calcium storage is a function of the
sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle cells; the RER is
more for protein processing.
4. Question 4
Which of the following cellular adaptations is
characterized by an increase in cell size without an
increase in cell number?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Atrophy
C. Hypertrophy
D. Metaplasia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale:
o Why C is correct: Hypertrophy refers to increased cell
size, leading to enlargement of the organ or tissue,
without new cells being produced.
o Why A is wrong: Hyperplasia is an increase in cell
number, not size.
, o Why B is wrong: Atrophy is a decrease in cell size
(and sometimes number), not an increase.
o Why D is wrong: Metaplasia is a reversible change
where one adult cell type is replaced by another adult
cell type, not simply size change.
5. Question 5
Metaplasia is best defined as:
A. Reversible replacement of one differentiated cell type
with another
B. Irreversible death of cells
C. Accumulation of intracellular lipids
D. Production of reactive oxygen species
Correct Answer: A
Rationale:
o Why A is correct: Metaplasia involves one mature cell
type being replaced by another mature cell type and
is generally reversible if the stimulus is removed.
o Why B is wrong: Irreversible death of cells is necrosis
or apoptosis, not metaplasia.
o Why C is wrong: Intracellular lipid accumulation
describes steatosis or fatty change, not metaplasia.
o Why D is wrong: Reactive oxygen species production
is a mechanism of injury, not a definition of
metaplasia.
, 6. Question 6
A reversible cell injury is most likely to show which of the
following ultrastructural changes?
A. Loss of plasma membrane integrity
B. Swelling of mitochondria with small amorphous
densities
C. Nuclear pyknosis
D. Extensive plasma membrane rupture
Correct Answer: B
Rationale:
o Why B is correct: Swelling of mitochondria with small
amorphous densities represents early, potentially
reversible injury.
o Why A is wrong: Loss of plasma membrane integrity
is characteristic of irreversible injury.
o Why C is wrong: Nuclear pyknosis (condensation of
chromatin) is a hallmark of irreversible injury
(apoptosis or necrosis).
o Why D is wrong: Extensive plasma membrane
rupture is seen only in irreversible injury (necrosis).
7. Question 7
The most common cause of hypoxic cell injury is:
A. Chemical toxins
B. Ischemia
, C. Viral infection
D. Radiation exposure
Correct Answer: B
Rationale:
o Why B is correct: Ischemia (reduced blood flow)
impairs oxygen delivery, leading to hypoxia as cells
cannot generate sufficient ATP.
o Why A is wrong: Chemical toxins can cause injury but
not most commonly through hypoxia.
o Why C is wrong: Viral infections can injure cells via
multiple mechanisms but are not the most common
cause of hypoxia.
o Why D is wrong: Radiation causes direct DNA damage
and free radical formation, not primarily hypoxia.
8. Question 8
During hypoxic injury, ATP depletion leads initially to:
A. Activation of apoptosis pathways
B. Increased protein synthesis
C. Failure of sodium-potassium ATPase pumps
D. DNA fragmentation
Correct Answer: C
Rationale:
Chapter Student Test Bank – 8th Edition"
Test Bank Companion to McCance &
Huether's Pathophysiology, 8th Ed – All
Chapters Covered"
,
,Table of Contents
1. Cellular Biology
2. Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology: Environmental Agents
3. The Cellular Environment: Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases
4. Genes and Genetic Diseases
5. Genes, Environment-Lifestyle, and Common Diseases
6. Epigenetics and Disease
7. Innate Immunity: Inflammation
8. Adaptive Immunity
9. Alterations in Immunity and Inflammation
10. Infection
11. Stress and Disease
12. Cancer Biology
13. Cancer Epidemiology
14. Cancer in Children
15. Structure and Function of the Neurologic System
16. Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function
17. Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and Motor Function
18. Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and the Neuromuscular Junction
19. Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders
20. Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children
21. Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation
22. Alterations of Hormonal Regulation
23. Obesity and Disorders of Nutrition
24. Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems
25. Alterations of the Female Reproductive System
26. Alterations of the Male Reproductive System
27. Reproductive Function in Children
,28. Structure and Function of the Hematologic System
29. Alterations of Erythrocyte, Platelet, and Hemostatic Function
30. Alterations of Leukocyte and Lymphoid Function
31. Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children
32. Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
33. Alterations of Cardiovascular Function
34. Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children
35. Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System
36. Alterations of Pulmonary Function
37. Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children
38. Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems
39. Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function
40. Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children
41. Structure and Function of the Digestive System
42. Alterations of Digestive Function
43. Alterations of Digestive Function in Children
44. Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System
45. Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function
46. Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children
47. Structure and Function of the Integumentary System
48. Alterations of the Integument in Children
49. Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Adults
50. Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Children
, 1. Question 1
Which of the following best describes the primary function
of the plasma membrane?
A. Protein synthesis
B. Energy production
C. Selective permeability and communication
D. Intracellular digestion
Correct Answer: C
Rationale:
o Why C is correct: The plasma membrane regulates
movement of substances into and out of the cell and
contains receptors for cell signaling, making it
selectively permeable and important for
communication.
o Why A is wrong: Protein synthesis occurs primarily in
ribosomes (free or attached to rough endoplasmic
reticulum), not in the plasma membrane.
o Why B is wrong: Energy production is primarily a
function of mitochondria.
o Why D is wrong: Intracellular digestion is performed
by lysosomes, not the plasma membrane.
2. Question 2
Which organelle is responsible for ATP (adenosine
triphosphate) production through oxidative
phosphorylation?
, A. Ribosome
B. Golgi apparatus
C. Lysosome
D. Mitochondrion
Correct Answer: D
Rationale:
o Why D is correct: Mitochondria contain the electron
transport chain and ATP synthase complexes needed
for oxidative phosphorylation.
o Why A is wrong: Ribosomes synthesize proteins, not
energy.
o Why B is wrong: The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts,
and packages proteins.
o Why C is wrong: Lysosomes carry out intracellular
digestion of debris.
3. Question 3
The rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is primarily
involved in:
A. Lipid synthesis
B. Detoxification of drugs
C. Protein synthesis into the lumen for processing
D. Calcium storage
Correct Answer: C
Rationale:
, o Why C is correct: Ribosomes attached to the RER
translate proteins directly into its lumen, where they
undergo folding and modification.
o Why A is wrong: Lipid synthesis is primarily a function
of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER).
o Why B is wrong: Detoxification of drugs occurs in the
SER (especially in hepatocytes).
o Why D is wrong: Calcium storage is a function of the
sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle cells; the RER is
more for protein processing.
4. Question 4
Which of the following cellular adaptations is
characterized by an increase in cell size without an
increase in cell number?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Atrophy
C. Hypertrophy
D. Metaplasia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale:
o Why C is correct: Hypertrophy refers to increased cell
size, leading to enlargement of the organ or tissue,
without new cells being produced.
o Why A is wrong: Hyperplasia is an increase in cell
number, not size.
, o Why B is wrong: Atrophy is a decrease in cell size
(and sometimes number), not an increase.
o Why D is wrong: Metaplasia is a reversible change
where one adult cell type is replaced by another adult
cell type, not simply size change.
5. Question 5
Metaplasia is best defined as:
A. Reversible replacement of one differentiated cell type
with another
B. Irreversible death of cells
C. Accumulation of intracellular lipids
D. Production of reactive oxygen species
Correct Answer: A
Rationale:
o Why A is correct: Metaplasia involves one mature cell
type being replaced by another mature cell type and
is generally reversible if the stimulus is removed.
o Why B is wrong: Irreversible death of cells is necrosis
or apoptosis, not metaplasia.
o Why C is wrong: Intracellular lipid accumulation
describes steatosis or fatty change, not metaplasia.
o Why D is wrong: Reactive oxygen species production
is a mechanism of injury, not a definition of
metaplasia.
, 6. Question 6
A reversible cell injury is most likely to show which of the
following ultrastructural changes?
A. Loss of plasma membrane integrity
B. Swelling of mitochondria with small amorphous
densities
C. Nuclear pyknosis
D. Extensive plasma membrane rupture
Correct Answer: B
Rationale:
o Why B is correct: Swelling of mitochondria with small
amorphous densities represents early, potentially
reversible injury.
o Why A is wrong: Loss of plasma membrane integrity
is characteristic of irreversible injury.
o Why C is wrong: Nuclear pyknosis (condensation of
chromatin) is a hallmark of irreversible injury
(apoptosis or necrosis).
o Why D is wrong: Extensive plasma membrane
rupture is seen only in irreversible injury (necrosis).
7. Question 7
The most common cause of hypoxic cell injury is:
A. Chemical toxins
B. Ischemia
, C. Viral infection
D. Radiation exposure
Correct Answer: B
Rationale:
o Why B is correct: Ischemia (reduced blood flow)
impairs oxygen delivery, leading to hypoxia as cells
cannot generate sufficient ATP.
o Why A is wrong: Chemical toxins can cause injury but
not most commonly through hypoxia.
o Why C is wrong: Viral infections can injure cells via
multiple mechanisms but are not the most common
cause of hypoxia.
o Why D is wrong: Radiation causes direct DNA damage
and free radical formation, not primarily hypoxia.
8. Question 8
During hypoxic injury, ATP depletion leads initially to:
A. Activation of apoptosis pathways
B. Increased protein synthesis
C. Failure of sodium-potassium ATPase pumps
D. DNA fragmentation
Correct Answer: C
Rationale:
