PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM GRADED 100% A
A patient complains of pain, inflammation, pattern of detmatome? - ANSHerpes Zoster (Shingles)
Autonomic Dysreflexia - ANSMedical Emergency caused by simultaneous sympathetic and
parasympathetic activity (bowel or bladder distension pain or a pressure ulcer)
Changes with an asthma attack: - ANSWheezing, SOB, Bronchoconstriction, Dyspnea, Tachypnea (rapid
breathing)
Chron's Disease - ANSHardening of the smooth muscles - things aren't being absorbed.
Do children have higher or lower thresholds for pain than adults? - ANSLower
How are eyes damaged in Diabetes? - ANSHypertension causes hemorrhage in the weak blood vessels
How are hepatitis A,B,C contracted? - ANSA: Oral - Fecal
B: Blood & Bodily Fluids
C: Contaminated Blood Transfusions before 1990; Bodily Fluids
How do histamine antagonists work to manage peptic ulcer disease? - ANSActs of H2 receptors - Coats
the stomach and decreases the secretion of stomach acids
How do you determine how to treat a stroke? - ANSDetermine if its a Hemorrhagic or Ischemic Stroke
How do you interpret ABG's? - ANS1. Look at pH (acidosis - low or alkalosis - high)
2. Check the CO2 (resp. indicator) - less than 35 (alkalosis) more than 45 (acidosis)
3. Check the HCO3 (metabolic indicator) - less than 22 (acidosis) more than 26 (alkalosis)
4. Determine primary disorder (matches the pH)
5. Determine if its compensated (pH returns to normal or near normal)
How do you manage end stage renal disease? - ANSDialysis, Fluid Restriction, Low Protein Diet,
Decrease Medication Doses, Anti-hypertensive, Give Ca Supplements, Give Erythropoietin Shot, Give
Iron Supplements/Blood Transfusion (anemic)
How do you treat compartment syndrome? - ANSMake cuts to relieve the pressure
Metabolic Acidosis: What happens to the pH/HCO3? - ANSDepression (decrease) of HCO3 -- Decreased
pH (acidosis)
Metabolic Alkalosis: What happens to the pH/HCO3? - ANSElevation (increase) of HCO3 -- Increased pH
(alkalosis)
Respiratory Acidosis: What happens to the pH/CO2? - ANSElevation (increase) of pCO2 -- Decreased pH
(acidosis)
Respiratory Alkalosis: What happens to the pH/CO2? - ANSDepression (decrease) of pCO2 -- Increased
pH (alkalosis)
Somatic Pain - ANSOn the body - superficial, arising from the skin described as sharp, dull, aching, or
throbbing
Ulcerative Colitis - ANSLarge ulcers form in mucosal layer of colon and rectum. Bloody Diarrhea (!)
Visceral Pain - ANSPain in the internal organs and lining of body cavities described as aching, gnawing,
throbbing, intermittent
What are melanocytes? - ANSPigmented Skin
,PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM GRADED 100% A
What are night terrors? - ANSAffects children, causes fear that is difficult to wake them up from. Fear is
still persistent when awoken
What are potential risk factors for breast cancer? - ANSEarly period & Late menopause, Late 1st
pregnancy (after 30), Genetic history - especially if mom/sister has it
What are risk factors for hemorrhagic strokes? - ANSHypertension
What are S&S of Autonomic Dysreflexia? - ANSHypertension, Bradycardia, Severe Headaches, Pallor
below and Flushing above the cord lesions, Convulsions
What are S&S of rhabdomyolysis? - ANSIncreased Potassium, Increased Proteins, Increased
BUN/Creation, Tea Colored Urine
What are S&S of spinal shock? - ANSLoss of Reflexes Below Level of Injury, Disturbances of the Bowel
and Bladder Function
What are signs and symptoms of gastric ulcers? - ANSPain when swallowing (dysphagia), Epigastric pain
(goes away if they eat food), Vomiting Bright Red Blood, Coffee Grain Colored Stool
What are signs of renal cancer? - ANSNo pain! Hematuria (Blood in the Urine)
What are some complications of Diabetes? - ANSParesthesia, Neuropathy, Retinopathy, Cardiac
Problems, Hypertension, Nephropathy
What are the 2 types of inflammatory bowel disorders? - ANSChron's Disease
Ulcerative Colitis
What are the 3 parts of the Glaucoma scale? - ANSVerbal, Motor, Eye Movement
Score of 3(least) - 15(best)
What are the complications of compound (open) fractures? - ANSInfection (open wound), Increased
Bleeding, Muscle Damage, Emboli - Compartment Syndrome is NOT a problem with this!!!
What are the complications of fractures? - ANSInfection, Improper Healing, Too Much Protein in the
Blood, Ischemia, Compartment Syndrome
What are the different types of skin cancer? - ANSBasal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma,
cutaneous melanoma, kaposi sarcome
What are the major risk factors for patients developing peptic ulcer disease? - ANSSpicy Foods, Stress,
NSAID medications, Glucocorticoids, Alcohol, H. pylori
What are the most common causes of burns in children? - ANSScalding
What are the normal ranges for pH, HCO3, and CO2? - ANSpH: 7.35 (acid) - 7.45 (base)
HCO3: 22 (acid) - 26 (base)
CO2: 35 (base) - 45 (acid)
What are the poorest neurological symptoms we can see in an unconscious patient? -
ANSHyperactive/Hypoactive Reflexes, Pupil Restriction/No Response, Decorticate/Decerebrate Posturing
What are the S&S of a right sided cerebral stroke? - ANSLife Sided Weakness
,PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM GRADED 100% A
What are the S&S of ARDS? - ANSSOB, Shallow Rapid Breathing, Atelectasis (aveoli close), Dyspnea,
Inspiratory Crackles, Respiratory Alkalosis, Decreased Lung Compliance, Hypoxemia
What are the s&s of compartment syndrome? - ANSPallor, Pain, No Pulse, Paresthesia, Paresis
(slight/partial paralysis)
What are the s&s of COPD? - ANSFatigue, Dyspnea, Cough, Hypoxemia, Hypercapnia (increased CO2),
Cor pulmonale (right side heart failure), SOB
What are the s&s of Cushing's disease? - ANSIncreased ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone), Wt. Gain,
Moon Face, Buffalo Hump, Hypertension, Hyperglycemia, Decreased Potassium, Decreased Immune
Function, Increased Sodium
What are the S&S of Parkinson's disease? - ANSPill Rolling, Shuffling Gait, Unintentional Tremors at
Rest, Drooling
What are the s&s of scleroderma? - ANSDecreased skin turgour, hard skin, hypopigmented skin, taut,
shiny, difficulty moving fingers/joints
What are the S&S of tension pneumothorax? - ANSPressure that builds up and pushes the trachea
towards the unaffected side; Absent breath sounds over affected lung
What are the s&s of Vertigo? - ANSLoss of balance, Nystagmus (Rapid involuntary movements of the
eyes)
What bacteria is associated with acute pyelonephritis? - ANSE. coli
What causes a cerebral aneurism? - ANSBallooning out of a blood vessel - Atherosclerosis, Trauma,
Hypertension, Infection
What causes acute intrarenal failure? - ANSKidney Stones (renal calculi), Renal Ischemia
What causes Encephalitis? - ANSWest Nile Virus
What causes esophageal varices? - ANSPortal Hypertension, Gastric Acid Erosion
What causes myxedema coma? - ANSHypothyroidism
What causes skin ulcers? - ANSPressure, Shearing Force/Friction, Moisture
What do we associate with hepatic encephalopathy? - ANSIncreased Ammonia Levels
What do we see associated with SIADH? - ANSFluid Retention (edema), Crackles in Lungs,
Hypertension, Decreased Sodium (diluted)
What do you call kidney pain? - ANSNephralgia
What do you do for a patient who has a casted broken arm with no capillary refill and the fingers turned
white? - ANSCut the Cast Off
What happens in a myoclonic, absence, and a partial stroke? - ANSMyoclonic - sporadic (isolated),
jerking movements
Absence - brief loss of consciousness
Partial - abnormal electrical activity is restricted to one brain hemisphere
, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM GRADED 100% A
What happens in acceleration and deceleration? (Coup/Contrecoup) - ANSPolar injuries of the brain
within the skull resulting in double injury
What happens to the brain signals in multiple sclerosis? - ANSSlow Down
What happens to the lungs in ARDS? - ANSPulmonary Hypertension, Oxygen has no effect on increasing
the pulse-ox (hypoxemia), Atelectasis, Decreased Tidal Volume, Vasoconstriction, Fibrosis of Aveoli
What increases the risk for having candidiasis? - ANSOral or IV Antibiotics
What is a normal intracranial pressure? - ANS5 - 15 mmHg
What is a tonic-clonic seizure? - ANS"Grand Mal" (aka: Generalized Seizure) Unconsciousness,
Convulsions, Muscle Rigidity
What is allergic asthma associated with? - ANSType 1 Hypersensitivity; IgE mediated
What is Celiac Spruce? What should you avoid? - ANSGluten Intolerance
Avoid Wheat Products: Wheat, Rye, Barley
What is cystic fibrosis? - ANSExcessive mucous coating in the lungs and pancreas; Genetic Disorder
(Autosomal Recessive)
What is gouty arthritis caused by? - ANSUric Acid
What is impetigo? - ANSCrusty Infection due to Bacteria
What is one of the main complications with spinal cord injury patients, even years later after the injury? -
ANSAutonomic Dysreflexia
What is Osteomalacia due to? - ANSVitamin D Deficiency
What is scleroderma? - ANSHardening of the Skin
What is the 1st priority for a patient who comes in with S&S of a stroke? - ANSProtect the Airway - keep it
opened!
What is the 1st priority in caring for a burn patient? - ANSSave the Airway - keep it open!
What is the aim of burn wound management? - ANSInfection Control
What is the classic sign of bronchitis? - ANSProductive Cough (Phlegm/Mucous/Sputum)
What is the classic sign of emphysema? - ANSBarrel Chest
What is the difference between focal and generalized seizure? - ANSFocal Seizure - affects 1 spot
Generalized Seizure - all over the brain
What is the difference between Rheumatoid arthritis and Osteoarthritis? - ANSRheumatoid:
Autoimmuned, Pain Decreases Throughout the Day, Chronic Inflammation, Affects Tissues & Joints
Osteoarthritis: Pain Increases Throughout the Day, Inflammation in the Joints
What is the difference between Type I and Type II Diabetes? - ANSType I - Complete lack of insulin
(Hyperglycemia)
Type II - Insulin resistance on the cells
A patient complains of pain, inflammation, pattern of detmatome? - ANSHerpes Zoster (Shingles)
Autonomic Dysreflexia - ANSMedical Emergency caused by simultaneous sympathetic and
parasympathetic activity (bowel or bladder distension pain or a pressure ulcer)
Changes with an asthma attack: - ANSWheezing, SOB, Bronchoconstriction, Dyspnea, Tachypnea (rapid
breathing)
Chron's Disease - ANSHardening of the smooth muscles - things aren't being absorbed.
Do children have higher or lower thresholds for pain than adults? - ANSLower
How are eyes damaged in Diabetes? - ANSHypertension causes hemorrhage in the weak blood vessels
How are hepatitis A,B,C contracted? - ANSA: Oral - Fecal
B: Blood & Bodily Fluids
C: Contaminated Blood Transfusions before 1990; Bodily Fluids
How do histamine antagonists work to manage peptic ulcer disease? - ANSActs of H2 receptors - Coats
the stomach and decreases the secretion of stomach acids
How do you determine how to treat a stroke? - ANSDetermine if its a Hemorrhagic or Ischemic Stroke
How do you interpret ABG's? - ANS1. Look at pH (acidosis - low or alkalosis - high)
2. Check the CO2 (resp. indicator) - less than 35 (alkalosis) more than 45 (acidosis)
3. Check the HCO3 (metabolic indicator) - less than 22 (acidosis) more than 26 (alkalosis)
4. Determine primary disorder (matches the pH)
5. Determine if its compensated (pH returns to normal or near normal)
How do you manage end stage renal disease? - ANSDialysis, Fluid Restriction, Low Protein Diet,
Decrease Medication Doses, Anti-hypertensive, Give Ca Supplements, Give Erythropoietin Shot, Give
Iron Supplements/Blood Transfusion (anemic)
How do you treat compartment syndrome? - ANSMake cuts to relieve the pressure
Metabolic Acidosis: What happens to the pH/HCO3? - ANSDepression (decrease) of HCO3 -- Decreased
pH (acidosis)
Metabolic Alkalosis: What happens to the pH/HCO3? - ANSElevation (increase) of HCO3 -- Increased pH
(alkalosis)
Respiratory Acidosis: What happens to the pH/CO2? - ANSElevation (increase) of pCO2 -- Decreased pH
(acidosis)
Respiratory Alkalosis: What happens to the pH/CO2? - ANSDepression (decrease) of pCO2 -- Increased
pH (alkalosis)
Somatic Pain - ANSOn the body - superficial, arising from the skin described as sharp, dull, aching, or
throbbing
Ulcerative Colitis - ANSLarge ulcers form in mucosal layer of colon and rectum. Bloody Diarrhea (!)
Visceral Pain - ANSPain in the internal organs and lining of body cavities described as aching, gnawing,
throbbing, intermittent
What are melanocytes? - ANSPigmented Skin
,PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM GRADED 100% A
What are night terrors? - ANSAffects children, causes fear that is difficult to wake them up from. Fear is
still persistent when awoken
What are potential risk factors for breast cancer? - ANSEarly period & Late menopause, Late 1st
pregnancy (after 30), Genetic history - especially if mom/sister has it
What are risk factors for hemorrhagic strokes? - ANSHypertension
What are S&S of Autonomic Dysreflexia? - ANSHypertension, Bradycardia, Severe Headaches, Pallor
below and Flushing above the cord lesions, Convulsions
What are S&S of rhabdomyolysis? - ANSIncreased Potassium, Increased Proteins, Increased
BUN/Creation, Tea Colored Urine
What are S&S of spinal shock? - ANSLoss of Reflexes Below Level of Injury, Disturbances of the Bowel
and Bladder Function
What are signs and symptoms of gastric ulcers? - ANSPain when swallowing (dysphagia), Epigastric pain
(goes away if they eat food), Vomiting Bright Red Blood, Coffee Grain Colored Stool
What are signs of renal cancer? - ANSNo pain! Hematuria (Blood in the Urine)
What are some complications of Diabetes? - ANSParesthesia, Neuropathy, Retinopathy, Cardiac
Problems, Hypertension, Nephropathy
What are the 2 types of inflammatory bowel disorders? - ANSChron's Disease
Ulcerative Colitis
What are the 3 parts of the Glaucoma scale? - ANSVerbal, Motor, Eye Movement
Score of 3(least) - 15(best)
What are the complications of compound (open) fractures? - ANSInfection (open wound), Increased
Bleeding, Muscle Damage, Emboli - Compartment Syndrome is NOT a problem with this!!!
What are the complications of fractures? - ANSInfection, Improper Healing, Too Much Protein in the
Blood, Ischemia, Compartment Syndrome
What are the different types of skin cancer? - ANSBasal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma,
cutaneous melanoma, kaposi sarcome
What are the major risk factors for patients developing peptic ulcer disease? - ANSSpicy Foods, Stress,
NSAID medications, Glucocorticoids, Alcohol, H. pylori
What are the most common causes of burns in children? - ANSScalding
What are the normal ranges for pH, HCO3, and CO2? - ANSpH: 7.35 (acid) - 7.45 (base)
HCO3: 22 (acid) - 26 (base)
CO2: 35 (base) - 45 (acid)
What are the poorest neurological symptoms we can see in an unconscious patient? -
ANSHyperactive/Hypoactive Reflexes, Pupil Restriction/No Response, Decorticate/Decerebrate Posturing
What are the S&S of a right sided cerebral stroke? - ANSLife Sided Weakness
,PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM GRADED 100% A
What are the S&S of ARDS? - ANSSOB, Shallow Rapid Breathing, Atelectasis (aveoli close), Dyspnea,
Inspiratory Crackles, Respiratory Alkalosis, Decreased Lung Compliance, Hypoxemia
What are the s&s of compartment syndrome? - ANSPallor, Pain, No Pulse, Paresthesia, Paresis
(slight/partial paralysis)
What are the s&s of COPD? - ANSFatigue, Dyspnea, Cough, Hypoxemia, Hypercapnia (increased CO2),
Cor pulmonale (right side heart failure), SOB
What are the s&s of Cushing's disease? - ANSIncreased ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone), Wt. Gain,
Moon Face, Buffalo Hump, Hypertension, Hyperglycemia, Decreased Potassium, Decreased Immune
Function, Increased Sodium
What are the S&S of Parkinson's disease? - ANSPill Rolling, Shuffling Gait, Unintentional Tremors at
Rest, Drooling
What are the s&s of scleroderma? - ANSDecreased skin turgour, hard skin, hypopigmented skin, taut,
shiny, difficulty moving fingers/joints
What are the S&S of tension pneumothorax? - ANSPressure that builds up and pushes the trachea
towards the unaffected side; Absent breath sounds over affected lung
What are the s&s of Vertigo? - ANSLoss of balance, Nystagmus (Rapid involuntary movements of the
eyes)
What bacteria is associated with acute pyelonephritis? - ANSE. coli
What causes a cerebral aneurism? - ANSBallooning out of a blood vessel - Atherosclerosis, Trauma,
Hypertension, Infection
What causes acute intrarenal failure? - ANSKidney Stones (renal calculi), Renal Ischemia
What causes Encephalitis? - ANSWest Nile Virus
What causes esophageal varices? - ANSPortal Hypertension, Gastric Acid Erosion
What causes myxedema coma? - ANSHypothyroidism
What causes skin ulcers? - ANSPressure, Shearing Force/Friction, Moisture
What do we associate with hepatic encephalopathy? - ANSIncreased Ammonia Levels
What do we see associated with SIADH? - ANSFluid Retention (edema), Crackles in Lungs,
Hypertension, Decreased Sodium (diluted)
What do you call kidney pain? - ANSNephralgia
What do you do for a patient who has a casted broken arm with no capillary refill and the fingers turned
white? - ANSCut the Cast Off
What happens in a myoclonic, absence, and a partial stroke? - ANSMyoclonic - sporadic (isolated),
jerking movements
Absence - brief loss of consciousness
Partial - abnormal electrical activity is restricted to one brain hemisphere
, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM GRADED 100% A
What happens in acceleration and deceleration? (Coup/Contrecoup) - ANSPolar injuries of the brain
within the skull resulting in double injury
What happens to the brain signals in multiple sclerosis? - ANSSlow Down
What happens to the lungs in ARDS? - ANSPulmonary Hypertension, Oxygen has no effect on increasing
the pulse-ox (hypoxemia), Atelectasis, Decreased Tidal Volume, Vasoconstriction, Fibrosis of Aveoli
What increases the risk for having candidiasis? - ANSOral or IV Antibiotics
What is a normal intracranial pressure? - ANS5 - 15 mmHg
What is a tonic-clonic seizure? - ANS"Grand Mal" (aka: Generalized Seizure) Unconsciousness,
Convulsions, Muscle Rigidity
What is allergic asthma associated with? - ANSType 1 Hypersensitivity; IgE mediated
What is Celiac Spruce? What should you avoid? - ANSGluten Intolerance
Avoid Wheat Products: Wheat, Rye, Barley
What is cystic fibrosis? - ANSExcessive mucous coating in the lungs and pancreas; Genetic Disorder
(Autosomal Recessive)
What is gouty arthritis caused by? - ANSUric Acid
What is impetigo? - ANSCrusty Infection due to Bacteria
What is one of the main complications with spinal cord injury patients, even years later after the injury? -
ANSAutonomic Dysreflexia
What is Osteomalacia due to? - ANSVitamin D Deficiency
What is scleroderma? - ANSHardening of the Skin
What is the 1st priority for a patient who comes in with S&S of a stroke? - ANSProtect the Airway - keep it
opened!
What is the 1st priority in caring for a burn patient? - ANSSave the Airway - keep it open!
What is the aim of burn wound management? - ANSInfection Control
What is the classic sign of bronchitis? - ANSProductive Cough (Phlegm/Mucous/Sputum)
What is the classic sign of emphysema? - ANSBarrel Chest
What is the difference between focal and generalized seizure? - ANSFocal Seizure - affects 1 spot
Generalized Seizure - all over the brain
What is the difference between Rheumatoid arthritis and Osteoarthritis? - ANSRheumatoid:
Autoimmuned, Pain Decreases Throughout the Day, Chronic Inflammation, Affects Tissues & Joints
Osteoarthritis: Pain Increases Throughout the Day, Inflammation in the Joints
What is the difference between Type I and Type II Diabetes? - ANSType I - Complete lack of insulin
(Hyperglycemia)
Type II - Insulin resistance on the cells
