Biology STAAR Cheat Sheet Review
UPDATED Exam Questions and CORRECT
Answers
Protein Synthesis - CORRECT ANSWER - Making a protein from amino acids; Uses
RNA = mRNA, tRNA, rRNA; occurs in two steps = transcription and translation
Transcription - CORRECT ANSWER - - DNA to mRNA - Location: Nucleus - Enzymes
in the nucleus unwind the DNA and a gene is read on the DNA. The gene codes for a strand of
mRNA that leaves the nucleus & takes the instructions to build a protein to a ribosome. - DNA
→ mRNA = A → U T → A C → G
Translation - CORRECT ANSWER - - mRNA to amino acid sequence (Protein) -
Location: Ribosome - Codons (3 nucleotides) on the mRNA are matched with an amino acid
carrying tRNA at the ribosome. The ribosome binds the amino acids together to form a
polypeptide, the chain folds and becomes a functioning protein.
DNA - CORRECT ANSWER - Deoxyribonucleic Acid; - Blueprint for all traits of living
organisms- Found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells- Held in chromosomes
Nucleotide - CORRECT ANSWER - monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon
sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
Three parts of a nucleotide - CORRECT ANSWER - 1. Phosphate2. Sugar 3. Nitrogenous
Base (A T C & G);The order of the bases determine the traits of the organisms.
Protein - CORRECT ANSWER - function =Structure; examples= Meat, eggs
Carbohydrate - CORRECT ANSWER - function = Fast Energy; examples = Fruit, bread,
pasta, rice
, Lipid Energy - CORRECT ANSWER - function =Storage; examples = Fats, oils, butter,
milk
Nucleic Acid - CORRECT ANSWER - function = Genetic Material; examples =DNA,
RNA
Cell Transport - CORRECT ANSWER - The movement of materials across the cell
membrane, which controls what enters and leaves the cell. This movement will occur until the
cell reaches equilibrium or homeostasis.
Types of Transport - CORRECT ANSWER - passive transport and active transport
Passive Transport - CORRECT ANSWER - No energy required, moves from high to low
concentration
Diffusion - CORRECT ANSWER - type of passive transport; Movement of molecules H
→L
Facilitated Diffusion - CORRECT ANSWER - type of passive transport; Movement of
molecules through a protein
Osmosis - CORRECT ANSWER - type of passive transport; Movement of water
Hypertonic - CORRECT ANSWER - type of osmosis; high solutes, low water; water
leaves the cell & shrivels
Hypotonic - CORRECT ANSWER - type of osmosis; low solutes, high water; water enters
the cell & swells
Isotonic - CORRECT ANSWER - type of osmosis; equal amounts of solutes and water;
water is balanced
UPDATED Exam Questions and CORRECT
Answers
Protein Synthesis - CORRECT ANSWER - Making a protein from amino acids; Uses
RNA = mRNA, tRNA, rRNA; occurs in two steps = transcription and translation
Transcription - CORRECT ANSWER - - DNA to mRNA - Location: Nucleus - Enzymes
in the nucleus unwind the DNA and a gene is read on the DNA. The gene codes for a strand of
mRNA that leaves the nucleus & takes the instructions to build a protein to a ribosome. - DNA
→ mRNA = A → U T → A C → G
Translation - CORRECT ANSWER - - mRNA to amino acid sequence (Protein) -
Location: Ribosome - Codons (3 nucleotides) on the mRNA are matched with an amino acid
carrying tRNA at the ribosome. The ribosome binds the amino acids together to form a
polypeptide, the chain folds and becomes a functioning protein.
DNA - CORRECT ANSWER - Deoxyribonucleic Acid; - Blueprint for all traits of living
organisms- Found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells- Held in chromosomes
Nucleotide - CORRECT ANSWER - monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon
sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
Three parts of a nucleotide - CORRECT ANSWER - 1. Phosphate2. Sugar 3. Nitrogenous
Base (A T C & G);The order of the bases determine the traits of the organisms.
Protein - CORRECT ANSWER - function =Structure; examples= Meat, eggs
Carbohydrate - CORRECT ANSWER - function = Fast Energy; examples = Fruit, bread,
pasta, rice
, Lipid Energy - CORRECT ANSWER - function =Storage; examples = Fats, oils, butter,
milk
Nucleic Acid - CORRECT ANSWER - function = Genetic Material; examples =DNA,
RNA
Cell Transport - CORRECT ANSWER - The movement of materials across the cell
membrane, which controls what enters and leaves the cell. This movement will occur until the
cell reaches equilibrium or homeostasis.
Types of Transport - CORRECT ANSWER - passive transport and active transport
Passive Transport - CORRECT ANSWER - No energy required, moves from high to low
concentration
Diffusion - CORRECT ANSWER - type of passive transport; Movement of molecules H
→L
Facilitated Diffusion - CORRECT ANSWER - type of passive transport; Movement of
molecules through a protein
Osmosis - CORRECT ANSWER - type of passive transport; Movement of water
Hypertonic - CORRECT ANSWER - type of osmosis; high solutes, low water; water
leaves the cell & shrivels
Hypotonic - CORRECT ANSWER - type of osmosis; low solutes, high water; water enters
the cell & swells
Isotonic - CORRECT ANSWER - type of osmosis; equal amounts of solutes and water;
water is balanced
