ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL AND MIDTERM 6501 EXAM - LATEST EDITION| ACCURATE AND VERIFIED WITH GUARANTEED PASS| 3 DIFFERENT VERSIONS

ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL AND MIDTERM 6501 WALDEN UNIVERSITY REAL EXAM 2023/2024 LATEST EDITION| ACCURATE AND VERIFIED WITH GUARANTEED PASS| 3 DIFFERENT VERSIONSADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM 6501 WALDEN UNIVERSITY REAL EXAM 2023/2024 LATEST EDITION| ACCURATE AND VERIFIED WITH GUARANTEED PASS| 3 DIFFERENT VERSIONS The nurse is teaching staff about the most common cause of Down syndrome. What is the nurse describing? Answer: Maternal nondisjunction A 50-year-old male was recently diagnosed with Huntington disease. Transmission of this disease is associated with: Answer: Delayed age of onset A patient wants to know the risk factors for Down syndrome. What is the nurse's best response? Answer: Pregnancy in women over age 35 What is the role of cytokines in cell reproduction? Answer: Provide growth factor for tissue growth and development A newborn male is diagnosed with albinism based on skin, eye, and hair appearance. Which finding will support this diagnosis? Answer: Inability to convert tyrosine to DOPA (3,4 dihydroxyphenylalanine) Sodium and water accumulation in an injured cell are a direct result of: Answer: Decreased ATP production A nurse is reading a chart and sees the term oncotic pressure. The nurse recalls that oncotic pressure (colloid osmotic pressure) is determined by: Answer: Plasma proteins The ion transporter that moves Na + and Ca 2+ simultaneously in the same direction is an example of which of the following types of transport? Answer: Symport A 20-year-old pregnant female gives birth to a stillborn child. Autopsy reveals that the fetus has 92 chromosomes. What term may be on the autopsy report to describe this condition? Answer: TetraploidyWhy is potassium able to diffuse easily in and out of cells? Answer: Because the resting plasma membrane is more permeable to potassium Hypothyroidism A disorder caused by a thyroid gland that is slower and less productive than normal, does not produce enough T3 and T4 T3, T4, TSH Diagnosing hypo/hyperthyroidism T3/T4 = thyroid. TSH = Pituitary. T3/T4 abnormality = problem with THYROID. T3/T4 normal + TSH abnormal = Secondary thyroid problem A runner has depleted all the oxygen available for muscle energy. Which of the following will facilitate his continued muscle performance? Answer: Anaerobic glycolysis What causes the rapid change in the resting membrane potential that initiates an action potential? Answer: Sodium gates open, and sodium rushes into the cell, changing the membrane potential from negative to positive. A 12-year-old male is diagnosed with Klinefelter syndrome. His karyotype would reveal which of the following? Answer: XXY A nurse is reviewing the pedigree chart. When checking for a proband, what is the nurse looking for? Answer: The person who is first diagnosed with a genetic disease An aide asks the nurse why people who have neurofibromatosis will show varying degrees of the disease. Which genetic principle should the nurse explain to the aide? Answer: Expressivity In teaching a patient with cirrhosis, which information should the nurse include regarding cholesterol? Answer: Cholesterol decreases the membrane fluidity of the erythrocyte, which reduces its ability to carry oxygen. When a patient asks what causes cystic fibrosis, how should the nurse respond? Cystic fibrosis is caused by an gene Answer: Autosomal recessiveHow are potassium and sodium transported across plasma membranes? Answer: By adenosine triphosphate enzyme (ATPase) The nurse would be correct in identifying the predominant extracellular cation as: Answer: Sodium The early dilation (swelling) of the cell's endoplasmic reticulum results in: Answer: Reduced protein synthesis What principle should the nurse remember when trying to distinguish aging from diseases? Answer: It is difficult to tell the difference because both processes are believed to result from cell injury. What is the diagnosis of a 13-year-old female who has a karyotype that reveals an absent homologous X chromosome with only a single X chromosome present? Her features include a short stature, widely spaced nipples, reduced carrying angle at the elbow, and sparse body hair. Answer: Turner syndrome A eukaryotic cell is undergoing DNA replication. In which region of the cell would most of the genetic information be contained? Answer: Nucleolus If too much T3/T4, then TSH will be down. Vice Versa. calcium parathyroid glands responsible for regulating levels. metabolism, temperature Thyroid produces hormones T3, T4, and plays big role in , regulation and growth and development iodine Brain cannot make T3 and T4 without slows Addison's disease has secretion of cortisol and aldosterone Need to ADD some steroids syndromeCushing is when an outside cause results in too much production of cortisol, like treatment with steroids disease Cushings is when an internal issue is causing over production of cortisol autoimmune Addison's disease is typically an disorder where the body is attacking the adrenal cortex on top of the adrenal gland Cushing's symptoms: skin fragile truncal obesity, small extremities with striae on them excessive hair "moon face" buffalo hump females --> no menstruation males--> ED hyperglycemia d/t high cortisol Addison's Hypothalamus releases CRH corticotropin releasing hormone --> pituitary gland releases ATCH adrenocorticotropic hormone --> adrenal cortex to release cortisol increased Cushings disease has secretion of cortisol decreased a benign tumor of the adrenal medulla that causes the gland to secrete catecholamines (epinephrine, norpinephrine, dopamine, and dopa) leading to high BP, headache, sweating and symptoms of a panic attack. diabetic ketoacidosis acidity of the blood caused by the presence of ketone bodies produced when the body is unable to burn sugar; thus, it must burn fat (triglycerides and amino acids instead of glucose) for energyhyperglycemia hyperketonemia metabolic acidosis occurs mostly in type 1 diabetes mellitus cerebral, coma DKA causes nausea, vomiting, and abd pain and can progress to edema, and death deficiency DKA: hyperglycemia d/t insulin causes an osmotic diuresis leading to marked urinary losses of water and electrolytes urinary excretion of ketones leads to additional loss of sodium and potassium inflammation Pericarditis is of the pericardium, often with fluid accumulation in the pericardial space (pericardial effusion) cardiac tamponade acute compression of the heart caused by fluid accumulation in the pericardial cavity--> impairs cardiac filling leading to low cardiac output. infective endocarditis inflammation of endothelium that lines heart and cardiac valves. most commonly damages mitral valve, then aortic and tricuspid valves. commonly caused by bacteria that are normally present in the body. can also occur after an invasive medical or dental procedure. symptoms: valvular dysfunction, may affect organ systems, chest pain, CHF, clubbing, meningitis, low back pain, arthralgia, arthritis myocarditis inflammation of the myocardium with necrosis of cardiac myocytes biopsy shows inflammatory infiltrate of the myocardium with lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and granulomas direct cardiomyocyte injury cased by an infectious or other cardiotoxic agent OR myocardial injury caused by an autoimmune reaction to an infectious or cardiotoxic agent aortic regurgitation (aortic insufficiency) incompetent aortic valve that allows backward flow of blood from the aorta into left ventricle during diastoleaortic stenosis calcification of aortic valve cusps that restricts forward flow of blood during systole narrowing of the aortic valve, obstructing blood flow from the left ventricle to the ascending aorta during systole mitral regurgitation mitral insufficiency; incompetent mitral valve allows regurgitation of blood from the left ventricle back into left atrium during systole mitral stenosis narrowing of the mitral valve orifice that impedes blood flow from the left atrium to the left vetricle mitral valve prolapse Improper closure of the valve between the heart's upper and lower left chambers. billowing of mitral valve leaflets into the left atrium during systole pulmonic regurgitation pulmonic insufficiency; backflow of blood through incompetent pulmonic valve into the right ventricle causes blood from from the pulmonary artery into the right ventricle during diastole pulmonic stenosis narrowing of the opening and valvular area between the pulmonary artery and right ventricle narrowing of the pulmonary outflow tract causing obstruction of blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery during systole deep vein thrombosis blood clot forms in a large vein, usually in a lower limb d/t impaired venous return, endothelial injury or hypercoagulability thrombi consist of thrombin, fibrin, and red blood cells with few platelets and without treatment can travel to the lungs causing PE Hypertension high blood pressure sustained SBP >130BP= cardiac output x total peripheral vascular resistance (TPR) HTN leads to ↑ CO, ↑ TPR common signs and symptoms of pulmonary disease. cough, dyspnea, abnormal sputum, chest pain, hemoptysis, cyanosis, digital clubbing, altered breathing patterns What are the structures of the pulmonary system? (1) Upper airways (2) 2 lungs-Right lung (3 lobes) and Left lung (2 lobes)-segments-then lobules(3) Lower airways (4) Blood vessels serve the pulmonary system (5) Chest wall or thoracic cage (6) Diaphragm: Involved in ventilation, primary muscle for ventilation (7) Carina (8) Hila-where the right and let bronchi enter the lungs, along with blood and lymph vessels (9) Globet cells-mucus producing (10) Cillia ventilation mechanical movement of air into and out of the lungs How are oxygen and carbon dioxide transported across the alveolocapillary barrier? Once the venous blood returns to the lungs, the carbon dioxide diffuses out of the bloodstream, through the capillaries, and into the alveoli from where it is expelled, during which time oxygen simultaneously binds with hemoglobin to be carried back to the tissues. What is dyspnea? Dyspnea (shortness of breath) is a subjective sensation that is difficult to quantify. It can be perceived as chest tightness or discomfort, breathlessness, or air hunger. It is one of the most common respiratory symptoms and can result from virtually any illness that involves the thorax. Dyspnea often begins with dyspnea on exertion (DOE) or orthopnea (dyspnea when lying supine), but may progress. What causes dyspnea? What are some associated signs and symptoms? dyspnea is caused by diffuse or focal disturbances of ventilation, gas exchange, or ventilationperfusion relationships. signs and symptoms are flaring of the nostrils and retractions. cough protective reflex that helps clear the airways by an explosive expiration Causes of coughinhaled particles, accumulate mucus, inflammation, or the presence of a foreign body initiates the cough reflex by stimulating irritant receptors in the airway hemoptysis coughing up blood from the respiratory tract. usually indicates infection or inflammation that damages the bronchi or the lung parenchyma. other causes are cancer and pulmonary infarction. cyanosis a bluish discoloration of the skin resulting from poor circulation or inadequate oxygenation of the blood. caused by increasing amounts of desaturated or reduced hemoglobin in the blood. clubbing bulbous enlargement of distal phalanges of fingers and toes that occurs with chronic cyanotic heart and lung conditions. symptoms: brownish hyperpigmentation of skin diarrhea, nausea hyponatremia d/t low aldosterone levels --> hyperkalemia hypoglycemia d/t low cortisol low bp, risk for vascular collapse going into shock Anti-diuretic hormone aka Vasopressin ADH is a hormone made by the hypothalamus in the brain and stored in the posterior pituitary gland. It tells your kidneys how much water to conserve. ADH constantly regulates and balances the amount of water in your blood. increase SIADH will have in antidiuretic hormone decrease Diabetes insipidus will have a in ADH posterior pituitary glandstores and secretes ADH after hypothalamus produces ADH Pheochromocytoma hypothyroidism everything . stimulates sympathetic nervous system, drowsy, lethargic constipated, food move slows, weight gain body temp increases Hyperthyroidism excessive activity of the thyroid gland: increased levels of T3, T4 and TSH loss Hyperthyroidism: burning calories at an excessive rate weight stimulates sympathetic nervous system: alert, quick reflexes, increased HR & BP (fight or flight response_ Heat intolerance: increased body temp Active GI: diarrhea anterior pituitary gland the anterior part of the pituitary gland; an endocrine gland whose secretions are controlled by the hypothalamic hormones produces thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Cushing's disease (Remember: UP, UP, UP, DOWN, UP) HYPERnatremia, HYPERtension, INCREASED blood volume, HYPOkalemia, HYPERglycemia adrenal cortex outer section of each adrenal gland; secretes cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones Aldosterone Hormone that stimulates the kidney to retain sodium ions and water to regulate BP via angiotensin-aldosterone system, retention of sodium and secretes potassiumcortisol stress hormone released by the adrenal cortex helps the body deal with stress such as illness or injury increases blood glucose breaks down fats, proteins, carbs electrolyte regulations Negative feedback A runner has depleted all the oxygen available for muscle energy. Which of the following will facilitate his continued muscle performance? Answer: Anaerobic glycolysis What causes the rapid change in the resting membrane potential that initiates an action potential? Answer: Sodium gates open, and sodium rushes into the cell, changing the membrane potential from negative to positive. A 12-year-old male is diagnosed with Klinefelter syndrome. His karyotype would reveal which of the following? Answer: XXY A nurse is reviewing the pedigree chart. When checking for a proband, what is the nurse looking for? Answer: The person who is first diagnosed with a genetic disease An aide asks the nurse why people who have neurofibromatosis will show varying degrees of the disease. Which genetic principle should the nurse explain to the aide? Answer: Expressivity In teaching a patient with cirrhosis, which information should the nurse include regarding cholesterol? Answer: Cholesterol decreases the membrane fluidity of the erythrocyte, which reduces its ability to carry oxygen. When a patient asks what causes cystic fibrosis, how should the nurse respond? Cystic fibrosis is caused by an gene Answer: Autosomal recessive How are potassium and sodium transported across plasma membranes?Answer: By adenosine triphosphate enzyme (ATPase) The nurse would be correct in identifying the predominant extracellular cation as: Answer: Sodium The early dilation (swelling) of the cell's endoplasmic reticulum results in: Answer: Reduced protein synthesis What principle should the nurse remember when trying to distinguish aging from diseases? Answer: It is difficult to tell the difference because both processes are believed to result from cell injury. What is the diagnosis of a 13-year-old female who has a karyotype that reveals an absent homologous X chromosome with only a single X chromosome present? Her features include a short stature, widely spaced nipples, reduced carrying angle at the elbow, and sparse body hair. Answer: Turner syndrome A eukaryotic cell is undergoing DNA replication. In which region of the cell would most of the genetic information be contained? Answer: Nucleolus The nurse is teaching staff about the most common cause of Down syndrome. What is the nurse describing? Answer: Maternal nondisjunction A 50-year-old male was recently diagnosed with Huntington disease. Transmission of this disease is associated with: Answer: Delayed age of onset A patient wants to know the risk factors for Down syndrome. What is the nurse's best response? Answer: Pregnancy in women over age 35 What is the role of cytokines in cell reproduction? Answer: Provide growth factor for tissue growth and development A newborn male is diagnosed with albinism based on skin, eye, and hair appearance. Which finding will support this diagnosis? Answer: Inability to convert tyrosine to DOPA (3,4 dihydroxyphenylalanine) Sodium and water accumulation in an injured cell are a direct result of: Answer: Decreased ATP productionA nurse is reading a chart and sees the term oncotic pressure. The nurse recalls that oncotic pressure (colloid osmotic pressure) is determined by: Answer: Plasma proteins The ion transporter that moves Na + and Ca 2+ simultaneously in the same direction is an example of which of the following types of transport? Answer: Symport A 20-year-old pregnant female gives birth to a stillborn child. Autopsy reveals that the fetus has 92 chromosomes. What term may be on the autopsy report to describe this condition? Answer: Tetraploidy Why is potassium able to diffuse easily in and out of cells? Answer: Because the resting plasma membrane is more permeable to potassium Hypothyroidism A disorder caused by a thyroid gland that is slower and less productive than normal, does not produce enough T3 and T4 T3, T4, TSH Diagnosing hypo/hyperthyroidism T3/T4 = thyroid. TSH = Pituitary. T3/T4 abnormality = problem with THYROID. T3/T4 normal + TSH abnormal = Secondary thyroid problem If too much T3/T4, then TSH will be down. Vice Versa. calcium parathyroid glands responsible for regulating levels. metabolism, temperature Thyroid produces hormones T3, T4, and plays big role in , regulation and growth and development iodine Brain cannot make T3 and T4 without slows hypothyroidism everything . stimulates sympathetic nervous system, drowsy, lethargic constipated, food move slows, weight gain body temp increasesHyperthyroidism excessive activity of the thyroid gland: increased levels of T3, T4 and TSH loss Hyperthyroidism: burning calories at an excessive rate weight stimulates sympathetic nervous system: alert, quick reflexes, increased HR & BP (fight or flight response_ Heat intolerance: increased body temp Active GI: diarrhea anterior pituitary gland the anterior part of the pituitary gland; an endocrine gland whose secretions are controlled by the hypothalamic hormones produces thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Cushing's disease (Remember: UP, UP, UP, DOWN, UP) HYPERnatremia, HYPERtension, INCREASED blood volume, HYPOkalemia, HYPERglycemia adrenal cortex outer section of each adrenal gland; secretes cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones Aldosterone Hormone that stimulates the kidney to retain sodium ions and water to regulate BP via angiotensin-aldosterone system, retention of sodium and secretes potassium cortisol stress hormone released by the adrenal cortex helps the body deal with stress such as illness or injury increases blood glucose breaks down fats, proteins, carbs electrolyte regulationsNegative feedback Hypothalamus releases CRH corticotropin releasing hormone --> pituitary gland releases ATCH adrenocorticotropic hormone --> adrenal cortex to release cortisol increased Cushings disease has secretion of cortisol decreased Addison's disease has secretion of cortisol and aldosterone Need to ADD some steroids syndrome Cushing is when an outside cause results in too much production of cortisol, like treatment with steroids disease Cushings is when an internal issue is causing over production of cortisol autoimmune Addison's disease is typically an disorder where the body is attacking the adrenal cortex on top of the adrenal gland Cushing's symptoms: skin fragile truncal obesity, small extremities with striae on them excessive hair "moon face" buffalo hump females --> no menstruation males--> ED hyperglycemia d/t high cortisol Addison's symptoms: brownish hyperpigmentation of skindiarrhea, nausea hyponatremia d/t low aldosterone levels --> hyperkalemia hypoglycemia d/t low cortisol low bp, risk for vascular collapse going into shock Anti-diuretic hormone aka Vasopressin ADH is a hormone made by the hypothalamus in the brain and stored in the posterior pituitary gland. It tells your kidneys how much water to conserve. ADH constantly regulates and balances the amount of water in your blood. increase SIADH will have in antidiuretic hormone decrease Diabetes insipidus will have a in ADH posterior pituitary gland stores and secretes ADH after hypothalamus produces ADH Pheochromocytoma a benign tumor of the adrenal medulla that causes the gland to secrete catecholamines (epinephrine, norpinephrine, dopamine, and dopa) leading to high BP, headache, sweating and symptoms of a panic attack. diabetic ketoacidosis acidity of the blood caused by the presence of ketone bodies produced when the body is unable to burn sugar; thus, it must burn fat (triglycerides and amino acids instead of glucose) for energy hyperglycemia hyperketonemia metabolic acidosis occurs mostly in type 1 diabetes mellitus cerebral, comaDKA causes nausea, vomiting, and abd pain and can progress to edema, and death deficiency DKA: hyperglycemia d/t insulin causes an osmotic diuresis leading to marked urinary losses of water and electrolytes urinary excretion of ketones leads to additional loss of sodium and potassium inflammation Pericarditis is of the pericardium, often with fluid accumulation in the pericardial space (pericardial effusion) cardiac tamponade acute compression of the heart caused by fluid accumulation in the pericardial cavity--> impairs cardiac filling leading to low cardiac output. infective endocarditis inflammation of endothelium that lines heart and cardiac valves. most commonly damages mitral valve, then aortic and tricuspid valves. commonly caused by bacteria that are normally present in the body. can also occur after an invasive medical or dental procedure. symptoms: valvular dysfunction, may affect organ systems, chest pain, CHF, clubbing, meningitis, low back pain, arthralgia, arthritis myocarditis inflammation of the myocardium with necrosis of cardiac myocytes biopsy shows inflammatory infiltrate of the myocardium with lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and granulomas direct cardiomyocyte injury cased by an infectious or other cardiotoxic agent OR myocardial injury caused by an autoimmune reaction to an infectious or cardiotoxic agent aortic regurgitation (aortic insufficiency) incompetent aortic valve that allows backward flow of blood from the aorta into left ventricle during diastole aortic stenosis calcification of aortic valve cusps that restricts forward flow of blood during systole narrowing of the aortic valve, obstructing blood flow from the left ventricle to the ascending aorta during systole mitral regurgitationmitral insufficiency; incompetent mitral valve allows regurgitation of blood from the left ventricle back into left atrium during systole mitral stenosis narrowing of the mitral valve orifice that impedes blood flow from the left atrium to the left vetricle mitral valve prolapse Improper closure of the valve between the heart's upper and lower left chambers. billowing of mitral valve leaflets into the left atrium during systole pulmonic regurgitation pulmonic insufficiency; backflow of blood through incompetent pulmonic valve into the right ventricle causes blood from from the pulmonary artery into the right ventricle during diastole pulmonic stenosis narrowing of the opening and valvular area between the pulmonary artery and right ventricle narrowing of the pulmonary outflow tract causing obstruction of blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery during systole deep vein thrombosis blood clot forms in a large vein, usually in a lower limb d/t impaired venous return, endothelial injury or hypercoagulability thrombi consist of thrombin, fibrin, and red blood cells with few platelets and without treatment can travel to the lungs causing PE Hypertension high blood pressure sustained SBP >130 BP= cardiac output x total peripheral vascular resistance (TPR) HTN leads to ↑ CO, ↑ TPR