LAA, LAB, LAC
Unit 11 Psychological Prespective
Examine how psychological perspectives contribute to understanding of human
development and behaviour
Introduction
Psychology is a science devoted to the study of the human mind and behaviour. A
psychologist is someone who studies mental process and human behaviour by observing,
interpreting and recording how people relate to one another and the environment. The
difference between psychologist and psychiatrist is that psychiatrists are trained medical
doctors who can prescribe medication and can spend time with patients on the medication
management as the course of treatment. A psychological perspective is that there are many
different areas of psychology which all look at human behavior from different viewpoints.
Psychology helps us to understand human behavior by investing in understanding the cause
of behaviour through studies and experiments and looking at behaviour from multiple
perspectives for more holistic understanding. (Billingham et al., 2016)
Explain how the behaviorist perspective is applied to understanding of human
development
The behaviourist perspective focuses on the idea that all behaviour is learned though
interaction with the environment. (Western Governors University, 2020). The behaviourist
perspective also suggest that human behaviour is a result of things that have been learned.
Classical conditioning refers to learning that occurs the neutral stimulus becomes associated
with a stimulus that naturally produces a behaviour. (Stangor, C. and Walinga, J., 2014). A
stimulus is something in the environment that can trigger a physical or behaviour change.
Unconditioned stimulus is an object or event that naturally has the power to produce a reflex
response. Neutral stimulus is an object or event that intentionally has no power to cause
behaviour. Unconditioned response is a natural occurring reaction to a specific stimulus.
Conditioned stimulus is an object or event that has acquired the power to cause a specific
response through association. Conditioned response it learnt to a specific stimulus. Ivan
Pavlov discovered classical conditioning by accident when investigating the role of saliva
digestion. He unexpectedly found that dogs began to salivate before food was presented to
them and theorized that they had learnt to associate the noise caused by producing and
delivering the food with the food itself. Pavlov found that the dog was conditioned to savalite
when hearing the bell ring because the dog had comforted. Classical conditioning can be applied
to explain Mark and Ahmed behaviour development because Mark might have developed his phobia
by seeing other people reacting to being scared when they see a spider he might have seen this on
social media all around his friends and family. Ahmed might have developed his eating disorder
because he might have been getting bullied. (Billingham et al., 2016)
, Operant conditioning is the result of our past behaviour that has been conditioned to either
repeat or avoid those behavior’s. (Wahome, C. and Mcmillen, M., 2023). Frederic Skinner
(1932) conducted an experiment called ‘skinners box’ during this experiment Skinner wanted
to test whether the behaviour of an animal is more likely to be repeated if followed by
pleasant consequences. The box contained a food dispenser which allowed a full pallet to fall
into a tray. There was also a lever that when it was pulled the food pallet would dispense.
When the rat pressed the lever food dropped into the tray. Skinner found that when the rat
was first placed in the skinner box the rat would engage in ‘investigatory behaviour’ which
involves moving around the box. He also found that when the rat was first placed into the box
for an hour it took nine minutes and 45 seconds to press the lever for the first time, but at the
end of one hour the rat was pressing the lever every 16 seconds. Skinner found that they were
two types of reinforcement, positive reinforcement were engaging a behaviour by positive
consequences and negative reinforcement where engaging behaviour by taking something
negative away when bad behaviour is shown. Positive reinforcement can encourage positive
behaviour and consequences money, and gifts can be a positive reinforcement because it is a
reward that people enjoy receiving. Negative reinforcement can encourage someone to do
something good when you take away something negative when desired behaviour is shown
for example not having to wash the dishes if you clean your room. This can be applied to
Mark to explain his behaviour development because positive reinforcement can lead him to
be comforted with the service users or health professionals. Negative reinforcement can lead
Mark developing his behaviour by making him look at a spider or listen to songs that have
the word spider in them. Reading books or watching movies can help mark two. Positive
reinforcement could have led to Ahmed is developing his behaviour .by allowing him to
choose what he eats so he gets that independence where he's in control of his diet this can
make him feel more grown, he should also be taking part in daily exercises. Negative
reinforcement could've lied to Ahmed developing his behaviour because he was getting
bullied, or he felt pressured to eat healthy to look good. (Billingham et al., 2016)
Explain how the behaviourist perspective contributes to understanding of specific
human behavior’s
Challenging behaviour is behaviour that goes against societies norms. Maladaptive behaviour
is behaviour that is unhelpful to individuals for example drinking alcohol because you are
stressed out. Maladaptive behaviour is also including actions that are not helpful or
appropriate in a given situation. Systematic desensitization it is a method that helps people to
overcome fears by making them face what they fear in a safe way this helps to reduce the fear
response through relaxation techniques. (Johnson, Jacquelyn, 2022). Systematic
desensitization is also a classical conditioning technique. Watson and Rayner conducted the
‘little Albert' study in 1920 there aim to demonstrate if an emotional response, such as fear
can be learnt through classical conditioning. During this experiment a nine-month-old baby
was given a variety of different stimuli and his response was recorded. These included a
white rat and other furry animals as well as a steel by being struck by a hammer. Albert only
should a fear response to the loud noise making this an unconditioned stimulus. Two months
later he was again given a white rat to play with but when Albert reached for the rat the steel
bar was hit with the hammer behind him. This was repaired five times for the next week and
twice more 17 days later. This was the conditioning stage. A short time after that Albert was
showing the rock on its own and his response was recorded and compared to the previous
times. Watson and Rayner found that after this first trial Albert showed some distress but this
was not necessarily directed towards the rat. After the second trial he seemed suspicious of
the rat. After the fair trial Albert avoided the right he leaned away from it and cried when the
rat was put next to him. He showed a learned fear response. Weeks later Albert also showed
Unit 11 Psychological Prespective
Examine how psychological perspectives contribute to understanding of human
development and behaviour
Introduction
Psychology is a science devoted to the study of the human mind and behaviour. A
psychologist is someone who studies mental process and human behaviour by observing,
interpreting and recording how people relate to one another and the environment. The
difference between psychologist and psychiatrist is that psychiatrists are trained medical
doctors who can prescribe medication and can spend time with patients on the medication
management as the course of treatment. A psychological perspective is that there are many
different areas of psychology which all look at human behavior from different viewpoints.
Psychology helps us to understand human behavior by investing in understanding the cause
of behaviour through studies and experiments and looking at behaviour from multiple
perspectives for more holistic understanding. (Billingham et al., 2016)
Explain how the behaviorist perspective is applied to understanding of human
development
The behaviourist perspective focuses on the idea that all behaviour is learned though
interaction with the environment. (Western Governors University, 2020). The behaviourist
perspective also suggest that human behaviour is a result of things that have been learned.
Classical conditioning refers to learning that occurs the neutral stimulus becomes associated
with a stimulus that naturally produces a behaviour. (Stangor, C. and Walinga, J., 2014). A
stimulus is something in the environment that can trigger a physical or behaviour change.
Unconditioned stimulus is an object or event that naturally has the power to produce a reflex
response. Neutral stimulus is an object or event that intentionally has no power to cause
behaviour. Unconditioned response is a natural occurring reaction to a specific stimulus.
Conditioned stimulus is an object or event that has acquired the power to cause a specific
response through association. Conditioned response it learnt to a specific stimulus. Ivan
Pavlov discovered classical conditioning by accident when investigating the role of saliva
digestion. He unexpectedly found that dogs began to salivate before food was presented to
them and theorized that they had learnt to associate the noise caused by producing and
delivering the food with the food itself. Pavlov found that the dog was conditioned to savalite
when hearing the bell ring because the dog had comforted. Classical conditioning can be applied
to explain Mark and Ahmed behaviour development because Mark might have developed his phobia
by seeing other people reacting to being scared when they see a spider he might have seen this on
social media all around his friends and family. Ahmed might have developed his eating disorder
because he might have been getting bullied. (Billingham et al., 2016)
, Operant conditioning is the result of our past behaviour that has been conditioned to either
repeat or avoid those behavior’s. (Wahome, C. and Mcmillen, M., 2023). Frederic Skinner
(1932) conducted an experiment called ‘skinners box’ during this experiment Skinner wanted
to test whether the behaviour of an animal is more likely to be repeated if followed by
pleasant consequences. The box contained a food dispenser which allowed a full pallet to fall
into a tray. There was also a lever that when it was pulled the food pallet would dispense.
When the rat pressed the lever food dropped into the tray. Skinner found that when the rat
was first placed in the skinner box the rat would engage in ‘investigatory behaviour’ which
involves moving around the box. He also found that when the rat was first placed into the box
for an hour it took nine minutes and 45 seconds to press the lever for the first time, but at the
end of one hour the rat was pressing the lever every 16 seconds. Skinner found that they were
two types of reinforcement, positive reinforcement were engaging a behaviour by positive
consequences and negative reinforcement where engaging behaviour by taking something
negative away when bad behaviour is shown. Positive reinforcement can encourage positive
behaviour and consequences money, and gifts can be a positive reinforcement because it is a
reward that people enjoy receiving. Negative reinforcement can encourage someone to do
something good when you take away something negative when desired behaviour is shown
for example not having to wash the dishes if you clean your room. This can be applied to
Mark to explain his behaviour development because positive reinforcement can lead him to
be comforted with the service users or health professionals. Negative reinforcement can lead
Mark developing his behaviour by making him look at a spider or listen to songs that have
the word spider in them. Reading books or watching movies can help mark two. Positive
reinforcement could have led to Ahmed is developing his behaviour .by allowing him to
choose what he eats so he gets that independence where he's in control of his diet this can
make him feel more grown, he should also be taking part in daily exercises. Negative
reinforcement could've lied to Ahmed developing his behaviour because he was getting
bullied, or he felt pressured to eat healthy to look good. (Billingham et al., 2016)
Explain how the behaviourist perspective contributes to understanding of specific
human behavior’s
Challenging behaviour is behaviour that goes against societies norms. Maladaptive behaviour
is behaviour that is unhelpful to individuals for example drinking alcohol because you are
stressed out. Maladaptive behaviour is also including actions that are not helpful or
appropriate in a given situation. Systematic desensitization it is a method that helps people to
overcome fears by making them face what they fear in a safe way this helps to reduce the fear
response through relaxation techniques. (Johnson, Jacquelyn, 2022). Systematic
desensitization is also a classical conditioning technique. Watson and Rayner conducted the
‘little Albert' study in 1920 there aim to demonstrate if an emotional response, such as fear
can be learnt through classical conditioning. During this experiment a nine-month-old baby
was given a variety of different stimuli and his response was recorded. These included a
white rat and other furry animals as well as a steel by being struck by a hammer. Albert only
should a fear response to the loud noise making this an unconditioned stimulus. Two months
later he was again given a white rat to play with but when Albert reached for the rat the steel
bar was hit with the hammer behind him. This was repaired five times for the next week and
twice more 17 days later. This was the conditioning stage. A short time after that Albert was
showing the rock on its own and his response was recorded and compared to the previous
times. Watson and Rayner found that after this first trial Albert showed some distress but this
was not necessarily directed towards the rat. After the second trial he seemed suspicious of
the rat. After the fair trial Albert avoided the right he leaned away from it and cried when the
rat was put next to him. He showed a learned fear response. Weeks later Albert also showed
