bio 121
Semester 2
January
2025
, unit 1- genetics
flow info
·
gene-segment of DNA
genetic of
containing info to
produce fax in DNA
transcription
&
mRNA
translation
&
protein 3 Central Dogma
↳ made up of
organism ↳ nucleotides ↳ amino adds
nucleotides
·
alleles
-
diff versions of make up genes , temporary messenger ↳ carries most
info work in cells
same gene with
stored info transporting
slight variation
~
regulatory sequence
gets expression started
gene ~
recruits >
gene expression
transcription
* transcription
process creating
-
structural sequence
RNA molec .
from
mRNA
gene code
PROTEIN
v
translation
/ vibose enzyme)
translation process chromosomes
creating
protein from DNA -
chromosome organization
RNA molec
gene DNA chromosome
1 double
Segment of double
long DNA-protein
helix DNA nellX complex
3
to
Eukaryotes histones kind DNA
-
↓ Purpose
-
keep DNA in nucleus
&
numSOMEs
umuruw
not tangeled
Ionistones
mmmmm
double helixmo
↓
mmm
Group of nucleosomes condenses =
30-hm fiber -
ECHROMATIN3
muui
↓
further
condensing chromosome
=
Important note >
chromatin determines
to
condensing gene expression
-
Chromosome
DNA-binding
-
&
proteins types of chromosomes
DNA
Eur-elnear
Bac-circular
OR
& replicated chromosomes OR
3 unreplicated chromosome
Haploid # #diff type of
-
chromosome in
cell Y Y ↑ ↑ ↑
homologous
↑
non-homologous
↑
Sister
non-sister
chromosomes chromosomes chromatids chromatids
Ploidy # -
# of each ↓
↓
↓ /
chromosomes 2 parents 1 or 2 parents I parent 2 parents
n = 23
humans = 2n = 46
, mitosis-process to Mitosis
distribute 1
Jment
:
i
-
phase mitosis +
cell division occur
:
interphase + DNA rep occur
growth
cells
mitosis does not occur wout DNA m
germ cells
-
directly give ↓
1 each
each daughter needs copy of chromosome
rise to sperm/
interphase
egg cell
↓ Steps
meiosis +
mitosis
A
2n = 2
somatic cells -
form body , A
1 = haploid #
repair +
grow , 2 =
ploidy #3 diploid
asexually
rep
of DNA
Interphase
-
replication
-
A
A
Prophase - DNA condenses
Y
A
A
Metaphase replicated chromosomes
-
a a
line up in middle of
cell . Microtubes attatch
-- anaphase
&
Sister chromatas
A pulled apart A
↓ A somatic
A
kinesin motars
cell process
to 2
splits
·
daughter cells
Semester 2
January
2025
, unit 1- genetics
flow info
·
gene-segment of DNA
genetic of
containing info to
produce fax in DNA
transcription
&
mRNA
translation
&
protein 3 Central Dogma
↳ made up of
organism ↳ nucleotides ↳ amino adds
nucleotides
·
alleles
-
diff versions of make up genes , temporary messenger ↳ carries most
info work in cells
same gene with
stored info transporting
slight variation
~
regulatory sequence
gets expression started
gene ~
recruits >
gene expression
transcription
* transcription
process creating
-
structural sequence
RNA molec .
from
mRNA
gene code
PROTEIN
v
translation
/ vibose enzyme)
translation process chromosomes
creating
protein from DNA -
chromosome organization
RNA molec
gene DNA chromosome
1 double
Segment of double
long DNA-protein
helix DNA nellX complex
3
to
Eukaryotes histones kind DNA
-
↓ Purpose
-
keep DNA in nucleus
&
numSOMEs
umuruw
not tangeled
Ionistones
mmmmm
double helixmo
↓
mmm
Group of nucleosomes condenses =
30-hm fiber -
ECHROMATIN3
muui
↓
further
condensing chromosome
=
Important note >
chromatin determines
to
condensing gene expression
-
Chromosome
DNA-binding
-
&
proteins types of chromosomes
DNA
Eur-elnear
Bac-circular
OR
& replicated chromosomes OR
3 unreplicated chromosome
Haploid # #diff type of
-
chromosome in
cell Y Y ↑ ↑ ↑
homologous
↑
non-homologous
↑
Sister
non-sister
chromosomes chromosomes chromatids chromatids
Ploidy # -
# of each ↓
↓
↓ /
chromosomes 2 parents 1 or 2 parents I parent 2 parents
n = 23
humans = 2n = 46
, mitosis-process to Mitosis
distribute 1
Jment
:
i
-
phase mitosis +
cell division occur
:
interphase + DNA rep occur
growth
cells
mitosis does not occur wout DNA m
germ cells
-
directly give ↓
1 each
each daughter needs copy of chromosome
rise to sperm/
interphase
egg cell
↓ Steps
meiosis +
mitosis
A
2n = 2
somatic cells -
form body , A
1 = haploid #
repair +
grow , 2 =
ploidy #3 diploid
asexually
rep
of DNA
Interphase
-
replication
-
A
A
Prophase - DNA condenses
Y
A
A
Metaphase replicated chromosomes
-
a a
line up in middle of
cell . Microtubes attatch
-- anaphase
&
Sister chromatas
A pulled apart A
↓ A somatic
A
kinesin motars
cell process
to 2
splits
·
daughter cells
