Test Bank for A Child's World Infancy Through Adolescence 12th Edition By Diane Papalia Ruth Duskin Feldman |All Chapters |Latest A+

Test Bank for A Child's World Infancy Through Adolescence 12e Diane Papalia Ruth Duskin Feldman |All Chapters |Latest A+ Test Bank for A Child's World Infancy Through Adolescence 12e Diane Papalia Ruth Duskin Feldman (Answers At The End of Each Chapter) Chapter 01 Student: 1. Child development is the scientific study of the processes that human beings undergo from the moment of conception through adolescence. The main focus of study is how children A. change. B. develop physically. C. develop social relationships. D. learn language skills. 2. Historically, the study of child development gained impetus from A. the discovery of vaccines. B. the enactment of child labor laws. C. scientific discoveries about the nature of conception. D. all of the above 3. Which of the following helped to pioneer the study of child development as a true science? A. G. Stanley Hall's book Adolescence B. the establishment of research institutes at Berkeley and Yale C. Arnold Gesell's studies on motor development D. all of the above 4. Five-year-old Tara does not make friends easily. She is shy and anxious in new situations. Since this behavior has persisted over time, it is a demonstration of developmental A. instability. B. resilience. C. constancy. D. awkwardness. 5. first emphasized the developmental nature of behavior by publishing a record of his son's sensory, motor, language, and emotional milestones during his first years of life. A. Charles Darwin B. John B. Watson C. Jean-Marc-Gaspard Itard D. John Dewey 6. Dietrich Tiedemann and Charles Darwin used the information obtained from to support their early theories about child development. A. baby biographies B. teachers C. doctors D. mothers' diaries 7. Professor Hughes insists that his students study the origins of human beings in order to fully understand child development. Which of the following theorists would most agree with Professor Hughes's perspective? A. John Locke B. Charles Darwin C. John Watson D. Alfred Binet 8. Adolescence has been considered a separate stage of development since A. early in the fifteenth century. B. the twentieth century. C. Freud mentioned it in his writings on child development. D. Bandura mentioned it in his theory on child development. 9. Who was the first to identify adolescence as a separate stage of development? A. John Watson B. G. Stanley Hall C. Arnold Gesell D. Lewis Terman 10. Marsha is taking a class in human development. This class addresses the study of humans A. from conception to adolescence. B. throughout childhood. C. from adolescence through older adulthood and death. D. from conception through older adulthood and death. 11. designed a longitudinal study that traced the development of unusually intelligent children. A. G. Stanley Hall B. John Dewey C. Jean Piaget D. Lewis M. Terman 12. Human development studies are based on which of the following ideas? A. There is little continuity over the life span. B. Development occurs early in life, not during adulthood. C. Every portion of the life span is influenced by earlier events and will in turn affect later events. D. The domains of development are not interrelated. 13. Physical, cognitive, psychosocial development are what social scientists call the three of the self. A. aspects B. domains C. both of the above D. none of the above 14. Annette started crawling, then standing, and is now taking her first steps. This aspect of Annette's development is best categorized as A. physical development. B. cognitive development. C. psychosocial development. D. none of the above 15. When she was one year old, Suzi had a vocabulary of 10 words. Now, at two years of age, she has a vocabulary of over 100 words. This reflects a(n) developmental change. A. physical B. cognitive C. psychosocial D. neurological 16. Which of these characteristics describe psychosocial development occurring during the adolescent stage of development? A. Altruism, aggression, and fearfulness are common B. Self-awareness develops C. Search for identity predominates D. Self-esteem is global 17. In order to acquire a thorough understanding of the nature of human development over time, scientists have divided the lifespan into five periods. These divisions A. are based on clear-cut development criteria. B. are based on cognitive differences. C. are arbitrary and approximate. D. each cover 10-year periods. 18. Which of the following is not characteristic of physical developments that occur during early childhood? A. Handedness appears B. Appetite diminishes C. Abstract thinking emerges D. Fine and gross motor skills improve 19. Dr. Ortiz is a pediatrician who charts the growth of the body and the brain, and motor skills. Dr. Ortiz appears to focus on A. cognitive development. B. neurological development. C. physical development. D. psychosocial development. 20. One-year-old Tamara's height and weight, along with her newfound ability to walk, A. interact with her cognitive, personality, and social development. B. occur independently of her cognitive development. C. will become less important than personality and social development when she reaches adolescence. D. are controlled entirely by her genetic makeup. 21. At 15 months of age, Lorraine is just beginning to walk independently. This is a milestone in development. A. genetic B. intellectual C. psychosocial D. physical 22. Dr. Dunn studies the way that children of different ages organize information in memory. His research focus is primarily on development. A. physical B. personality C. cognitive D. psychosocial 23. A preschool program that is designed to focus on the change and stability in a child's mental abilities constantly notes changes in the child's development. A. physical B. cognitive C. psychosocial D. physiological 24. Donald is referred to as the "Mayor of the First Grade," a title given to him because he gets along with everyone and seems to know everything that is going on. These skills demonstrate Donald's level of development. A. physical B. cognitive C. psychosocial D. psychosexual 25. Three-year-old Lydia is extremely athletic. Although her interpersonal skills were not strong when she entered preschool, her athletic prowess meant that she was always included in play activities. Due to her high level of participation in these activities, she gradually learned to interact with her peers at a higher level. Which of the following statements explains Lydia's progress? A. Lydia's cognitive development was enabled by her psychosocial development. B. Lydia's psychosocial development was enabled by her physical development. C. Lydia's physical development was enabled by her cognitive development. D. Lydia's cognitive development was enabled by her physical development. 26. Separation anxiety in infancy is an example of the effect of development on development. A. psychosocial; physical B. cognitive; psychosocial C. psychosocial; cognitive D. physical; psychosocial 27. Kari is very tall for her age. She has less friends than her average-sized classmates. This is an example of the interaction between which two types of development? A. physical and cognitive B. cognitive and psychosocial C. physical and psychosocial D. personality and psychosocial 28. Carrie (age 22) and Chelsea (age 17) are sisters. Carrie is a focused student who thrives in academic settings. She is working on a graduate degree at a very selective university. Chelsea is much less concerned about school and more interested in socializing. She is considering bypassing college because she wants to go to work as soon as she graduates from high school. Their parents cannot figure out what they did to make their daughters turn out so differently. Which of the following concepts would you emphasize when trying to explain the sisters' differences to their parents? A. social construction B. quantitative change C. individual differences D. physical development 29. Which of the following statements about social construction is correct? A. Social construction is a theory that explains the sequence of children's play patterns. B.Social construction is an idea about the nature of reality that is accepted by members of a particular society at a particular time. C. As children reach adolescence, they socially construct their free time. D. Social construction must be conditioned into children in order to avoid anti-social or deconstructive behaviors. 30. Which of the following is considered a social construction? A. infancy B. adolescence C. early childhood D. all of the above 31. In some pre-industrialized countries, the concept of does not exist. A. a prenatal period of development B. infancy and toddlerhood C. early childhood D. adolescence 32. Which of the following is NOT considered to be one of the major divisions of the lifespan? A. prenatal period B. infancy and toddlerhood C. late adulthood D. senescence 33. During which developmental period do children develop speech and locomotion, and become somewhat more assertive and self-reliant, yet need considerable help in restraining their impulsive behavior? A. infancy B. toddlerhood C. early childhood D. middle childhood 34. During , children begin to develop self-control and have more interest in others. A. infancy B. toddlerhood C. early childhood D. middle childhood 35. Children become proficient in regulating their own behavior and are very interested in their peer group during A. infancy. B. toddlerhood. C. early childhood. D. middle childhood. 36. Children search for their personal identity and make the transition from childhood to adulthood during A. middle childhood. B. adolescence. C. young adulthood. D. middle adulthood. 37. Attachment is particularly important during which developmental stage? A. Infancy B. Toddlerhood C. Early childhood D. Middle childhood 38. The study of the ways children differ from one another is referred to as the study of A. individual differences. B. reaction range. C. co-regulation. D. maturation. 39. Characteristics that are the result of inborn influences are generally attributed to A. heredity. B. the environment. C. maturation. D. a natural sequence. 40. The totality of experiential influences on development is generally referred to as A. a natural sequence. B. maturation. C. the environment. D. heredity. 41. William is a gifted baseball player. His father was a star player in the major leagues. They did not spend much time together while William was growing up because of his father's professional commitments. William's talent for baseball would seem to demonstrate the influence of A. heredity. B. environment. C. maturation. D. cohort differences. 42. Jenny is a very talented soccer player. Her mother was a star player in both college and in the women's professional leagues. They spent a great deal of time together while Jenny was growing up. Jenny has her mother's speed and height to go along with a superior understanding of the game. Jessica's abilities would seem to demonstrate the influence of A. heredity. B. environment. C. individual differences. D. both heredity and environment. 43. Bob is determined that his daughter Dana will some day be an accomplished musician. From the time Dana is born, he exposes her to a small keyboard and attempts to place her fingers on the keys. Dana seems unable to grasp the concepts her father is trying to teach her. When she is three months old, he decides that she will never be the great musician he had hoped for. Which of the following would best explain Dana's inability to meet her father's expectations? A. genetics B. lack of musical talent C. lack of maturation D. lack of environmental stimuli 44. The unfolding of a natural, genetically influenced sequence of physical and psychological patterns is the result of A. heredity. B. environment. C. maturation. D. personality. 45. A two-generational kinship unit that shares household and economic resources and consists of one or two parents and their biological, adopted, or step children is called a(n) A. family. B. nuclear family. C. extended family. D. blended family. 46. Shari belongs to a multigenerational kinship unit consisting of parents, children, grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins. This unit is referred to as a(n) A. family. B. nuclear family. C. extended family. D. blended family. 47. The Ferkle family goes away each year to see such sights as the world's largest ball of string and the world's largest landfill. On each vacation, they make certain that both parents and children are included. Their vacations are shared by the A. extended family. B. nuclear family. C. inclusive family. D. derivative family. 48. Each summer, the Smith family hosts grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins, and distant relatives for a wonderful two-day fest. The Smith family get-together involves the A. nuclear family. B. general family. C. extended family. D. inclusive family. 49. In western societies, the dominant traditional family structure is the family, while in other societies such as Asian and Latin America, the family is more traditional. A. nuclear; extended B. general; nuclear C. extended; general D. extended; nuclear 50. Which one of the following is NOT a factor that determines socioeconomic status? A. ethnicity B. income C. education D. occupation 51. Which of the following is/are determined by socioeconomic status? A. the neighborhood in which a family lives B. the school the children attend C. the quality of medical care available to a family D. all of the above 52. Charles is a child growing up in what is considered to be a low socioeconomic status family. Which of the following will likely have an affect on his development? A. limited access to medical care B. lack of access to a computer C. poor housing/living conditions D. all of the above 53. Conditions that increase the likelihood of a negative outcome or result are called factors. A. diversity B. developmental C. adaptive D. risk 54. The most powerful factors in a neighborhood that affect the way children develop are income and A. attitudes towards higher education. B. the quality of schools. C. access to resources. D. the number of recreational facilities. 55. A society or group's total way of life, including customs, traditions, beliefs, values, language, and so on, is referred to as its A. subculture. B. ethnicity. C. culture. D. origin. 56. The well-being of children from affluent families may be at risk due to A. a pressure to achieve. B. the amount of time they are left alone by working parents. C. high rates of substance abuse, depression, and anxiety. D. all of the above 57. A group consisting of people united by ancestry, race, religion, language, or national origin is known as a(n) A. subculture. B. ethnic group. C. unique culture. D. acculturated immigrant population. 58. Teachers in the classroom need to be aware that ethnic and cultural patterns may influence A. the way the children act toward each other. B. the games children play. C. the way children learn. D. all of the above 59. The fact that 11-year-old Kim is interested in attracting boys' attention while her classmates are still focused on their same-sex friendships is an example of the phenomenon that A. developmental periods occur in different sequences for different people. B. deviations from "average" development are a cause for concern. C. rates of development may vary from the average or typical. D. the sequence of development may be altered by experience but the timing is never altered. 60. Most immigrant children in the United States A. live with two parents. B. are twice as likely as other children to live with an extended family. C. live with parents who have high academic aspirations for them. D. all of the above. 61. An overgeneralization that obscures cultural differences within an ethnic group is referred to as A. acculturation. B. ancestry impairment. C. ethnic group tampering. D. ethnic gloss. 62. Katherine grew up attending private Catholic schools. Each year at Christmas she and her classmates decorated a tree in school and did the same at home. For Katherine's classmates and family, the tree decorating was a event. A. non-normative B. normative C. cohort D. cultural 63. Events that occur at about the same age for people around the world, such as starting school, are called A. normative age-graded influences. B. normative history-graded influences. C. nonnormative life events. D. cohort-determined influences. 64. Normative age-graded influences include all of the following EXCEPT A. puberty and menopause. B. starting school. C. retirement. D. war and famine. 65. Events such as puberty and entry into formal education, which are highly similar for people in a particular age group, are considered A. normative age-graded influences. B. normative history-graded influences. C. cohort experiences. D. nonnormative life events. 66. Normative history-graded influences include all of the following EXCEPT A. worldwide economic depression. B. introduction of the contraceptive pill. C. an AIDS epidemic. D. the death of a spouse. 67. The impact of technological developments such as video games, computers, and the internet are considered A. nonnormative age-graded influences. B. normative history-graded influences. C. normative age-graded influences. D. nonnormative history-graded influences. 68. Nonnormative life events are A. unusual events that influence a person's life. B. events that generally happen to everyone. C. typical for a given population. D. traumatic or unhappy events. 69. All of the individuals who were elementary school students in New York City when the World Trade Center towers collapsed shared a common experience. This group is referred to as a(n) A. cohort. B. historical generation. C. culture. D. encounter group. 70. Which of the following individuals are members of the same cohort? A. a woman who raised children in Chicago during World War II and a woman who raised children in Chicago during the 1990s B. an urban child in the Soviet Union and a rural child in the United States C. a high school student in Cleveland and a high school student in Cincinnati D. all of the above 71. Which of the following statements describes a fundamental point of childhood development? A. Social, cognitive, and physical domains are distinct and have little bearing on one another. B. Normal development is quite standard; children developing normally exhibit few differences. C. Historical events influence development. D. Development is a process that is over when childhood ends. 72. A is a specific time during development when a given event, or lack of an event, has the greatest impact. A. cohort B. nonnormative event C. critical period D. developmental milestone 73. Rubella has a disastrous impact if it is contracted during the first trimester of a pregnancy, yet has hardly any impact if contracted later in a pregnancy. This is an example of A. fetal immune system maturation. B. normative age-graded events. C. maturational timing. D. a critical period. 74. In the past, girls and young women were not encouraged to participate in sports. Because of this, many of today's adult women did not develop skills such as the throwing motion required for softball. They can throw, but not with the same fluid motion that women who were exposed to such a skill at an early age demonstrate. This is an example of A. genetics. B. the inherent inability of females to play softball. C. critical periods of development. D. the inherent inability of females to learn highly physical skills. 75. Evidence for critical periods of physical development is undeniable. However, for other aspects of development there seems to be greater A. rigidity. B. plasticity. C. acceptability. D. latency. 76. Research suggests a critical period and a sensitive period for language development. The sensitive period ends around the time of A. toddlerhood. B. early childhood. C. middle childhood. D. puberty. 77. Which aspects of development show plasticity? A. physical development B. cognitive development C. psychosocial development D. all of the above 78. Which of the following would be the best example of the bidirectionality of influences on child development? A. High-income households are the best for children. B. Children can attend to at least two things at once. C. Children influence their environments and the environments influence children. D. No two children are influenced in exactly the same ways. 79. In the case study involving "Genie," researchers found that A. there is a critical period for language development. B. Genie's language acquisition provided support for the effectiveness of the "Hooked on Phonics" program. C. Lenneberg was right in that the critical period for language ends in adolescence. D. Genie's speech development provided support for the effectiveness of the "Whole Language Immersion" program. 80. Trace the evolution of the field of child development. To support your answer, include the contributions of such researchers as Dietrich Tiedemann, Charles Darwin, G. Stanley Hall, and Arnold Gesell. 81. Developmental scientists study development over the human lifespan. Explain the difference between psychosocial development, cognitive development, and physical development. Describe a specific example of each realm of development and give the developmental stage that a parent can expect to observe these developments in his or her child. 82. Those who work with children must keep in mind that there are three domains or dimensions of child development. List the three domains and give specific examples of how they are all interrelated in childhood. 83. Twelve-month-old Kara, born in Iraq, has just been adopted by an American couple and is moving to the U.S. Explain how Kara's heredity, environment, and maturation will play a role in determining her development. 84. Imagine that you are a developmental scientist and have been sent to a war-torn region to observe and make recommendations about the care and treatment of the children there. What is the current interpretation of the term "critical period" as it relates to childhood development? What are some of the normal tasks that must be mastered by children during a certain "critical" time period for normal developmental to occur? Explain how these principles would apply to children whose lives have been disrupted by war. 85. Mrs. Peters is a new seventh-grade teacher in an urban public school. List several normative events likely to occur amongst her students during the school year. What are some of the nonnormative events that may occur that she could prepare herself for in advance? 86. A child's development can be affected by many things. The socioeconomic status of a child's family, nonnormative influences and normative history-graded events all can play a role in a child's development. Choose one of these influences and describe specifically how that influence contributes to child development. Give specific examples where possible and explain the effect of resiliency. 87. Researchers in the field of child development have come to a consensus on six fundamental points in the study of children. List the six fundamental points and describe how any three of these points are related to the study of child development. Chapter 01 Key 1. (p. 6) A 2. (p. 7, 8) D 3. (p. 7) D 4. (p. 7) C 5. (p. 7) A 6. (p. 7) A 7. (p. 7) B 8. (p. 9) B 9. (p. 7) B 10. (p. 7) D 11. (p. 7) D 12. (p. 9) C 13. (p. 8) C 14. (p. 8) A 15. (p. 7) B 16. (p. 10) B 17. (p. 9) C 18. (p. 10) C 19. (p. 8) C 20. (p. 8) A 21. (p. 8) D 22. (p. 8) C 23. (p. 8) B 24. (p. 8) C 25. (p. 8) B 26. (p. 10) C 27. (p. 10) C 28. (p. 9) C 29. (p. 8) B 30. (p. 8, 9) D 31. (p. 9) D 32. (p. 11) D 33. (p. 10) B 34. (p. 10) C 35. (p. 10) D 36. (p. 10) B 37. (p. 12) A 38. (p. 10) A 39. (p. 10) A 40. (p. 10) C 41. (p. 10) A 42. (p. 10, 11) D 43. (p. 11) C 44. (p. 11) C 45. (p. 11) B 46. (p. 11) C 47. (p. 11) B 48. (p. 11, 12) C 49. (p. 12) A 50. (p. 14) A 51. (p. 14) D 52. (p. 14) D 53. (p. 15) D 54. (p. 14) C 55. (p. 12) C 56. (p. 15) D 57. (p. 12) B 58. (p. 12) D 59. (p. 9) C 60. (p. 13) D 61. (p. 14) D 62. (p. 15) D 63. (p. 16) A 64. (p. 16) D 65. (p. 16) A 66. (p. 16) D 67. (p. 16) B 68. (p. 18) A 69. (p. 18) B 70. (p. 18) C 71. (p. 18) C 72. (p. 18) C 73. (p. 18) D 74. (p. 18) C 75. (p. 18) B 76. (p. 19) D 77. (p. 18) D 78. (p. 20) C 79. (p. 19) A 80. Answer will vary 81. Answer will vary 82. Answer will vary 83. Answer will vary 84. Answer will vary 85. Answer will vary 86. Answer will vary 87. Answer will vary Chapter 01 Summary Category # of Questions Guidepost: What are six fundamental points on which consensus has emerged? 3 Guidepost: What do developmental scientists study? 27 Guidepost: What is child development and how has its study evolved? 15 Guidepost: What kinds of influences make one child different from another? 42 Papalia - Chapter 01 87 Question Type: A 12 Question Type: C 36 Question Type: F 31 Chapter 02 Student: 1. A theory is a set of A. logically related statements seeking to describe, explain, and predict human behavior. B. facts derived from research. C. predictions about future outcomes. D. opinions presented by a well-known authority in a field. 2. The statement, "If children learn aggression from models, then children who watch violent television shows should be more aggressive than children who watch nonviolent shows," is an example of a A. theory. B. finding. C. hypothesis. D. conclusion. 3. Before designing her research study, Dr. Bennett predicts that infants who have poor diets will have academic problems later in life. Dr. Bennett's prediction is an example of a(n) A. hypothesis. B. theory. C. interpretation. D. opinion. 4. Which of the following statements regarding current developmental research is least accurate? A. Theories lead to hypotheses. B. Hypotheses in the behavioral sciences need to be testable. C. Theories explain all human behavior. D. Testing hypotheses leads to theories. 5. Which of the following is NOT one of the three basic issues that theorists address when explaining child development? A. assessing the relative weight of heredity and environment B. determining whether children are active or passive in their own development C. observing whether development is continuous D. viewing all development as culturally determined 6. When she was one year old, Suzi had a vocabulary of 10 words. Now, at two years of age, she has a vocabulary of over 100 words. This reflects a(n) developmental change. A. autonomous B. bidirectional C. qualitative D. quantitative 7. was concerned with unconscious forces that motivate human behavior. A. Sigmund Freud B. Anna Freud C. Erik H. Erikson D. John B. Watson 8. Freud theorized that people are motivated primarily by A. dreams. B. unconscious forces. C. anxiety. D. their environment. 9. Armond argues that unconscious forces motivate people to behave the way they do. Armond's position is similar to the perspective of development. A. information-processing B. learning C. ethological D. psychoanalytic 10. Psychoanalytical theory describes a specific element of personality that governs our early development and is present at birth. This element is referred to as the A. libido. B. id. C. superego. D. ego. 11. Young mothers who are up all night attending to the almost insatiable demands of their new babies are often frustrated by the infants' apparent tendency to operate on the "pleasure principle" (seeking the immediate gratification of desires). The pleasure principle is associated with the A. id. B. ego. C. superego. D. ego ideal. 12. Freud maintained that children develop in an unvarying sequence of stages of development. A. psychosocial B. psychoanalytic C. unconscious D. psychosexual 13. Freud proposed the following sequence of psychosexual stages of development: A. anal; phallic; oral; latency; and, genital. B. oral; anal; phallic; latency; and, genital. C. anal; oral; genital; latency; and, phallic. D. oral; latency; genital; anal; and, phallic. 14. According to Freud's theory, a 4-year-old child who has developed a sexual attachment for the oppositesex parent and regards the same-sex parent as a rival is considered to be in the stage of psychosexual development. A. oral B. anal C. phallic D. latency 15. According to Freud, as the develops during the first year of life, the part of the personality that operates on the "reality principle" becomes more evident in the baby's behavior. A. id B. ego C. superego D. conscience 16. Joseph hits his brother with a toy while playing and feels guilty about it afterwards. According to Freud, these feelings reflect the operation of the A. id. B. ego. C. superego. D. defense mechanism. 17. Keesha is worried that her mother will find out that she accidentally broke her brother's truck. She is starting to develop a conscience. Which of the following psychosexual stages is most similar to what is called "conscience"? A. id B. ego C. superego D. libido 18. Mrs. Dobber loves teaching the fourth grade. She believes that fourth graders are at a stage of psychosexual development characterized by relative calm. This stage is called the stage and occurs during middle childhood. A. inactive B. childhood C. latency D. stable 19. Each of Erikson's stages of development involves a major issue that is important at a particular time. Erikson initially referred to these issues as A. traumas. B. crises. C. maturational steps. D. phases. 20. A major distinction between Freud's and Erikson's views of development is that Erikson A. emphasized female development, whereas Freud emphasized male development. B. saw development as a life-long process, whereas Freud emphasized early experiences. C. emphasized unconscious processes, whereas Freud focused on conscious processes. D. emphasized biological factors, whereas Freud emphasized cultural factors. 21. Darius has a great deal of respect for his grandparents and the high level of activity that they maintain. As an assignment for a developmental psychology class, he interviewed them to learn more about their life experiences. They indicated that while they had gone through a number of different stages of development, they had never stopped developing. Which of the following theoretical perspectives does this view reflect? A. Freud's psychosexual theory B. Erikson's psychosocial theory C. Bandura's social learning theory D. Bowlby's ethological theory 22. In Erikson's theory of development, there are stages of psychosocial development. A. 3 B. 5 C. 8 D. 12 23. Erikson did not agree with Freud's emphasis on psychosexual development. In his own work, Erikson placed greater emphasis on A. physical development. B. intellectual development. C. the role of parents. D. social and cultural influences. 24. A long-lasting change in behavior as a result of experience or adaptation to the environment is called A. modification. B. cognition. C. learning. D. behaviorism. 25. Behaviorists look for events that will determine whether or not a particular behavior will be repeated. This mental link is referred to as A. associative learning. B. unconscious learning. C. intelligence. D. personality. 26. Every time Tanya leaves 2-year-old Timmy at day care, Timmy cries. Tanya always hands Timmy to the same teacher. She notices that Timmy now starts to cry when he sees this teacher from a distance. This is an example of A. classical conditioning. B. operant conditioning. C. rewarded behavior. D. negative reinforcement. 27. Daniel was embarrassed by his coach for not making a basket during an important game. Since then, whenever he gets the ball and heads down the court, he gets an overwhelming feeling of anxiety that prevents him from thinking clearly when he tries to shoot the ball. This is an example of A. operant conditioning. B. classical conditioning. C. social learning. D. intermittent reinforcement. 28. When John B. Watson trained "Little Albert" to be afraid of small furry animals, he used A. classical conditioning. B. negative reinforcement. C. shaping behavior. D. intermittent reinforcement. 29. Mr. Whitford's fifth-grade students sit quietly and continue doing their work when Mr. Whitford leaves the room because he promises to reward them with more recess time if they do so. The principle that an organism will repeat behaviors when these behaviors are reinforced is called A. classical conditioning. B. operant conditioning. C. the pleasure principle. D. the reality principle. 30. Marissa really wants to be in the school play but does not enjoy having to memorize lines. Two weeks before the play is scheduled, her father implements a reward system. As soon as Marissa learns her lines, she does not have to help with the dishes until the play is over. Marissa increases her efforts in practice and learns the lines thoroughly in two days. This is an example of A. classical conditioning. B. operant conditioning. C. social learning. D. psychodynamic learning. 31. B. F. Skinner and other behaviorists maintain that human behavior is determined by A. defense mechanisms. B. self-actualization. C. unconscious conflicts. D. conditioning. 32. was the behavioral psychologist who formulated the principles of operant conditioning while working with rats and pigeons. A. John B. Watson B. Sidney Pressey C. B. F. Skinner D. Ivan Pavlov 33. Larry wants his daughter to put her seat belt on when she gets in the car, so he smiles and gives her a hug each time she accomplishes the task. A consequence of any behavior that increases the likelihood of that behavior being repeated is called A. punishment. B. reinforcement. C. aversion. D. classical conditioning. 34. An example of negative reinforcement is A. shouting, "No!" as a consequence of bad behavior. B. spanking as a consequence of bad behavior. C. increasing a child's allowance as a consequence of good behavior. D. canceling a disliked household chore as a consequence of good behavior. 35. June's mother needs someone in the family to assume responsibility for the family's pet rat. June's current job, which she really dislikes, is taking the garbage out. Her mother says that if June will take care of the rat, she will assign another sibling to take out the garbage. June agrees immediately, because she will do anything to get out of emptying the garbage. From a behavioral viewpoint, June's decision is based on A. classical conditioning. B. positive reinforcement. C. negative reinforcement. D. vicarious reinforcement. 36. The parents of 15-month-old Helen want to discourage her thumb sucking. When Helen takes her thumb out of her mouth, they give her a small cup of raisins, which she loves. The raisins represent A. a conditioned stimulus. B. an unconditioned stimulus. C. a neutral stimulus. D. reinforcement. 37. Two-year-old Eric throws a tantrum whenever he is placed in his car seat. To calm him down, his mother has started giving him a lollipop. In effect, his mother is A. extinguishing tantrums. B. reinforcing tantrums. C. using classical conditioning. D. using shaping. 38. Every time Billy tries to open the kitchen cupboard, he gets his fingers pinched in the door. Eventually, Billy no longer tries to open the cupboard door. This is an example of A. negative reinforcement. B. intermittent reinforcement. C. punishment. D. conditioning. 39. To get Michelle to clean her room more often, her parents gave her a piece of candy each time she picked up her toys. This resulted in more frequent room cleaning. However, when her parents stopped giving her candy, Michelle's room-cleaning behavior gradually became less frequent. The weakening of the roomcleaning behavior is called A. intermittent reinforcement. B. extinction. C. punishment. D. negative reinforcement. 40. Whenever Milo had a tantrum, his father would pick him up and comfort him. Now that he is in preschool, his teachers ignore his tantrums, and over time his tantrums have decreased in frequency. In the language of operant conditioning, we would say that Milo's tantrum behavior is being in preschool. A. negatively reinforced B. punished C. extinguished D. aversively conditioned 41. When a principal in a school uses operant conditioning to eliminate students' undesirable behaviors, he is implementing A. classical conditioning. B. punishment. C. behavior modification. D. reinforcement. 42. First, Jacob is praised when he points to his wet diaper. Then, Jacob is praised only if he speaks up before he is wet. Finally, Jacob is praised only when he uses the toilet. This is an example of A. extinction. B. behavior modification. C. negative reinforcement. D. aversive conditioning. 43. The principles of social-learning theory were developed by A. B. F. Skinner. B. Carl Rogers. C. John B. Watson. D. Albert Bandura. 44. Albert Bandura suggested that the most important element in how children learn a language, deal with aggression, develop a sense of morality, and learn gender-appropriate behavior is A. classical conditioning. B. observation and imitation. C. punishment of inappropriate behavior. D. shaping of appropriate behavior. 45. Children have a tendency to imitate the adults they admire even if some of the observed behavior is not appropriate. This process is known as A. behavior modification. B. assimilation. C. adaptation. D. social learning. 46. Roberto's favorite type of music is American Jazz. After seeing a classmate teased mercilessly after mentioning she loved to listen to classical music, Roberto decided that he would keep quiet about his musical preferences. Roberto's decision is a result of A. classical conditioning. B. operant conditioning. C. social learning. D. psychodynamic learning. 47. By receiving feedback on their behavior, children gradually form standards for judging their own actions. They begin to develop A. a sense of self-efficacy. B. a psychoanalytic viewpoint. C. social-learning skills. D. a sense of self-esteem. 48. The perspective on human behavior that is concerned with thought processes and the behavior that reflects these processes is called the perspective. A. cognitive B. feedback C. behavioral D. intellectual 49. Which theory portrays people as active in their own learning and emphasizes qualitative and quantitative changes? A. behaviorist B. cognitive C. psychoanalytic D. social-learning 50. Neo-Piagetian theories combine both cognitive stage theories and theories. A. social cognitive B. information-processing C. behavioral D. mechanistic 51. Which of the following are the two major points of Piaget's cognitive perspective? A. People are controlled by their environment, and behavior develops in a specific order. B. People are active in their development, and behavior is random at any developmental stage. C. People are active in their development, and behavior develops in a specific order. D. People are controlled by their environment, and behavior is random at any developmental stage. 52. Which of the following is NOT a general principle of Piaget's theory of cognitive development? A. Children proceed through the same developmental stages in the same order. B. Individuals reach each stage according to their own timetable. C. If overgratification occurs at a particular stage, fixation may result. D. Each stage represents a qualitative change from one type of thinking to another. 53. Anabelle knows that after she is fed her bottle, she is patted on the back and put down to sleep. This organized pattern of behavior is called A. equilibration. B. accommodation. C. assimilation. D. a scheme. 54. According to Piaget, a child builds internal representations of the world called schemes, and develops these into an integrated network of cognitive structures through the process of A. assimilation. B. accommodation. C. organization. D. equilibration. 55. When Ms. Drew teaches a new concept to her students, she always tries to make a connection to something that they already understand. According to Piaget, which of the following is she utilizing? A. information processing B. accommodation C. equilibration D. assimilation 56. According to Piaget, the process of changing existing schemes to adjust to new information is called A. organization. B. accommodation. C. assimilation. D. disequilibrium. 57. Four-year-old Adam sees cows in a field. His mother points to them and says, "Cows." Later, Adam sees goats for the first time and calls them cows. Adam is demonstrating Piaget's concept of A. equilibration. B. accommodation. C. adaptation. D. assimilation. 58. Frederika is learning to play a musical instrument. She struggles at first because the experience is unlike anything she has been associated with previously. Slowly she begins to make progress. This best demonstrates Piaget's concept of A. assimilation. B. accommodation. C. vicarious reinforcement. D. object permanence. 59. According to Piaget, children change their ways of thinking to adapt to new experiences because of the need for A. satisfaction of id impulses. B. equilibrium. C. a stable sense of identity. D. approval from their parents. 60. Which of the following is NOT a criticism of Piaget's theory of development? A. It pays little attention to emotional development. B. It pays little attention to the influence of education on intellectual development. C. It overestimates the cognitive abilities of young children. D. It does not say much about individual differences in ability. 61. Sociocultural theory, developed by , stresses a child's active involvement with their environment. A. Urie Bronfenbrenner B. Jean Piaget C. Lev Vygotsky D. Margaret Mead 62. developed the concept of the "zone of proximal development" to explain the gap between what a child is already able to do and what he or she is not quite ready to do alone. A. Sigmund Freud B. Neal Miller C. Konrad Lorenz D. Lev Vygotsky 63. Ray wants to learn to work on automobile engines but encounters problems when he begins his new class. He has no knowledge of how engines work and does not know the names of the parts. His teacher sees that despite these problems, Ray is very motivated. Ray and the teacher spend time during and after class on improving his deficiencies. By the end of the semester, Ray does much better, and although he may not have a future in building high-performance engines, he is more than competent. Ray's improvement reflects the concept of A. zone of proximal development. B. equilibration. C. information processing. D. social learning. 64. Paul's mother has been teaching him to bake bread. She tells him, "I will help you follow the recipe a few more times, but soon you will have to try it on your own." According to Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, Paul's mother is engaging in A. intermittent reinforcement. B. imprinting. C. scaffolding. D. equilibration. 65. Tom volunteers to teach children how to play basketball. He finds that when he first tries to teach a skill, such as shooting the ball, he sometimes has to literally place the children's feet in the correct position. Generally, the more he works with the children, and the more knowledge they acquire, the less support he has to provide. This is an example of A. classical conditioning. B. information processing. C. equilibration. D. scaffolding. 66. A major distinction between Piaget's cognitive development theory and the information-processing approach is that Piaget A.saw development as continuous, whereas the information-processing approach views development as occurring in distinct stages. B. saw development as an active process, whereas the information-processing approach views the organism as passive. C. focused on perception, whereas the information-processing approach focuses on thinking and memory. D. saw development as occurring in stages, whereas the information-processing approach sees development as continuous. 67. The information-processing approach to explaining cognitive development compares the brain to a A. calculator. B. computer. C. modem. D. telephone. 68. Those who ascribe to the approach attempt to explain cognitive development by observing and analyzing mental processes involved in perceiving information. A. social cognitive B. information-processing C. social learning D. behavioral 69. According to the perspective, development can be understood only when individual behavior is observed as it interacts with the environment. A. environmental B. contextual C. interactive D. behavioral 70. University students are studying the subtle differences between mannerisms of students in a school in the deep South and a school in the Northeast. They begin to realize that in order to understand these differences they must consider the social settings in which the students live. This is an example of the perspective. A. contextual B. cognitive C. information-processing D. psychodynamic 71. developed the bioecological perspective of human development which includes five interlocking contextual systems. A. Vygotsky B. Pavlov C. Bronfenbrenner D. Piaget 72. Bronfenbrenner's approach examines the layers of social systems and how these layers interact. A. interactionist B. bioecological C. behaviorist D. cognitive 73. Mr. and Mrs. Johnson were both laid off from their high-paying positions when the factory in their town shut down. Both found new jobs, but they are now working far more hours for much less money. The stress is showing at home. A child's question that once brought a patient response now triggers a terse retort. The family's home is simply not the nurturing environment that it once was. Which of the following perspectives best explains this situation? A. bioecological B. ethological C. information-processing D. cognitive 74. Piaget and his wife kept journals noting how their children developed and interacted with one another in the home. According to the bioecological approach, Piaget was studying the children in their A. microsystem. B. mesosystem. C. exosystem. D. macrosystem. 75. Dr. Adams, who ascribes to the bioecological approach to human development, is studying the relationship between the quality of parent-child interactions in the home and the success of children in school. Dr. Adams is studying development at the level of environmental influence. A. microsystem B. mesosystem C. exosystem D. macrosystem 76. The collapse of communism in Eastern Europe in the 1990s significantly altered most government institutions there. According to the bioecological approach, this fact reflects a change in people's A. microsystem. B. mesosystem. C. endosystem. D. macrosystem. 77. Oliver traveled from city to city throughout the school year because his parents were circus performers. Dr. Zsilak studied Oliver and many other children in traveling shows to see if frequent moves from one town to another influenced the children's emotional development. According to the bioecological approach, Dr. Zsilak studied the children's A. exosystem. B. chronosystem. C. macrosystem. D. minisystem. 78. Over time, the relative importance of peers and parents to the developing child changes. Which level of the bioecological theory accounts for this? A. microsystem B. chronosystem C. macrosystem D. exosystem 79. Which of the following perspectives emphasizes the idea that species-specific behaviors enhance the survival of that species? A. behaviorist B. social-cognitive C. contextual D. ethological 80. Your psychology professor claims that attachment between an infant and a caregiver must occur during a critical period to ensure normal development. Which developmental perspective does your professor support? A. behaviorist B. ethological C. psychoanalytic D. informative-processing 81. Individuals with traits better adapted to their environments survive; those less adapted do not. This statement demonstrates the process of A. survival of the fittest. B. ethological development. C. psychoanalytic development. D. informative maturation. 82. extended ethological principles to the study of human development, focusing attention on the mother-infant bond. A. Mary Ainsworth B. John Bowlby C. Konrad Lorenz D. Niko Tinbergen 83. Ramona is walking in a mall when she notices a distressed-looking infant in a stroller. The infant's facial expression engrosses Ramona, and she immediately looks around to see if an adult is there to help the infant. The infant's mother is indeed right there, and Ramona moves on, but the image stays with her. She begins to wonder if humans have some innate ability to communicate with facial expressions that provides an evolutionary advantage. Which of the following theoretical schools might support Ramona's idea? A. evolutionary development B. bioecological C. sociocultural D. cognitive 84. Which of the following statements reflects a view expressed by Margaret Mead? A. The study of children is dry and abstract. B. A cross-cultural perspective is unlikely to reveal universal patterns. C. Theories and research are best treated as distinct entities. D. Observations are products of individuals who may be influenced by their own backgrounds. 85. The scientific method, as applied in any field of study, is based on which of the following elements? A. observation and recording of data B. testing of alternative hypotheses C. widespread public dissemination of results D. all of the above 86. Dr. Gygorgy from Hungary has decided to study the effects of travel on the lives of Hungarian circus performers. The two key issues that he must first address are A. the importance of the study and where he will publish his findings. B. his knowledge of circus performers and his knowledge of the effects of travel. C. public opinion of this topic and his own bias. D. how the participants will be chosen and how the data will be collected. 87. When conducting research, scientists typically study a and generalize the results to a . A. sample; population B. nonnormative group; normative group C. population; sample D. cohort; sample 88. One of the most reliable sampling methods is the use of A. assigned groups. B. matched groups. C. random selection. D. population interest groups. 89. Dr. Slocum wants to conduct a study that analyzes teen addiction to smoking. All smoking-addicted teens represent the ; those teens who participate in the study represent the . A. sample; population B. population; sample C. control group; experimental group D. experimental group; control group 90. Dolores works in a pediatrics ward and has decided to investigate whether or not the level of nurse friendliness influences children's perceptions of their hospital experiences. For her research, which of the following would be the best operational definition of nurse friendliness? A. nice interactions with patients B. pleasant appearance C. concern for patients D. number of times that the nurse smiles per time spent with the patient 91. When Maggie wanted to find out how children were punished at home, she conducted separate interviews of individual children and their parents. An advantage of this research design is that A. Maggie needed to interview only a few people to get a valid research sample. B. Maggie needed to interview each set of parents and children only once. C. Maggie could assess whether parents and child gave conflicting reports. D. it revealed causal relationships. 92. Which of the following is not an example of a self-report technique? A. questionnaire B. diary or log C. interview D. observation 93. Jeremy has become interested in the interactions that children have with their parents in public places. He suspects that, when they are at the mall, children may interact differently with their fathers than they do with their mothers. He decides to watch the food court of a local mall and observe interaction patterns. Jeremy is using a A. naturalistic observation method. B. laboratory observation method. C. control group. D. participant observation method. 94. A psychology class participates in collecting data for a study by watching preschool teachers through a one-way mirror as they interact with children in a preschool classroom. This is an example of which research method? A. laboratory observation B. case study C. naturalistic observation D. clinical study 95. Marcus works for a toy manufacturer and wants to determine if young boys and girls have different preferences for toys. His company is specific about what it is looking for and does not want to have the research disturbed by unplanned influences. Marcus should probably consider using the A. laboratory observation method. B. participant observation method. C. naturalistic observation method. D. case study method. 96. Which of the following is NOT a problem associated with observational studies? A. They cannot determine cause-and-effect relationships. B. The subjects may alter their behavior when they know they are being observed. C. It is impossible to gain information regarding relationships between variables. D. Laboratory studies may not generalize to real life. 97. Which of the following is the best operational definition of a difficult test? A. a test that is constructed by a mean professor B. a test with challenging questions C. a test that covers materials that are in the text, but not covered in class D. a test with a class average of 70 or below 98. The cognitive neuroscience approach to the study of human cognition focuses on A. mind-altering drugs. B. the brain. C. the nervous system. D. neurotransmitters. 99. Neuroscientists who use brain imaging and the actions of people with brain injuries to learn how neural pathways control behavior are part of an emerging interdisciplinary field that bridges both the brain and behavior. These researchers are referred to as A. behaviorists. B. psychiatrists. C. social cognitive neuroscientists. D. ethological researchers. 100.Raphael, age 60, suffered an unexplained seizure and severe behavioral changes, as well as impairment of some of his motor abilities. To identify areas of the brain that were involved in this event, researchers had him undergo a series of brain-imaging studies. They also had Raphael complete several tests of memory, language, and attention. These researchers are known as A. behaviorists. B. psychiatrists. C. social cognitive neuroscientists. D. ethological researchers. 101.A plan for conducting a scientific investigation is called a A. research design. B. hypothetical outline. C. scientific projection. D. research outcome. 102.When scientists study the life of an unusual or newsworthy individual to develop theories about aberrant behavior, they are conducting a(n) A. naturalistic observation. B. case study. C. interview. D. experiment. 103.What type of research design should a researcher use if she wishes to determine if a statistical relationship exists between variables? A. qualitative B. correlational C. experimental D. case study 104.In a correlational study, A. cause-and-effect relationships can be proven. B. researchers ask people to state their opinions. C. researchers observe people in their natural environment. D. the relationship between two variables is measured. 105.A researcher determines that children whose parents read to them for more than one hour each day have better grades than do children whose parents read to them for only a few minutes per day. What can you conclude from this pattern of data? A. Reading by parents causes children to do better in school. B. Parental reading time and grades are positively correlated. C. Parental reading time and grades are not correlated. D. Good students cause their parents to spend more time reading to them. 106.A controlled procedure in which a researcher manipulates variables to learn how one affects another is called a(n) A. theory. B. experiment. C. naturalistic study. D. correlation. 107.In an experimental study, researchers manipulate a(n) variable to observe its effects on a(n) variable. A. control; independent B. dependent; independent C. independent; dependent D. dependent; control 108.In an experimental study, the subjects who receive the treatment are referred to as the A. experimental group. B. control group. C. dependent group. D. independent group. 109.In an experimental study, the subjects who do NOT receive the treatment are referred to as the A. experimental group. B. control group. C. dependent group. D. independent group. 110.A group of children is given special training on how to handle their anger. A second group is treated the same as the first group except they do not receive the special training. Those given the training comprise the , and those who receive no training comprise the . A. experimental group; control group B. control group; experimental group C. dependent group; independent group D. independent group; dependent group 111.Children were asked to drink an extra glass of milk each day to see if their memories improved over time. In this experiment, the milk is called the A. action variable. B. control variable. C. independent variable. D. dependent variable. 112.In an experiment, a researcher manipulates the and then looks for an effect of that manipulation by measuring the . A. dependent variable; independent variable B. control variable; experimental variable C. experimental variable; control variable D. independent variable; dependent variable 113.In an experiment to assess the relationship between nutrition and intelligence, one group of campers is given a power bar containing a special vitamin supplement on a daily basis. A second group of children is given an identical-looking power bar but without the vitamins. Later, all children are given an IQ test. In this experiment, the children's scores on the IQ test are the A. independent variable. B. cross-sequential variable. C. dependent variable. D. control variable. 114.A youth sports league is involved in a study in which one group of coaches is given instruction covering developmental considerations of teaching children and another group receives no such training. The coaches are assigned to different groups of children for two weeks. At the end of the two weeks, each group of children is interviewed to assess their level of satisfaction with their sport experience. In this study, the type of training the coaches received is considered the A. independent variable. B. dependent variable. C. extraneous variable. D. control variable. 115.An advantage of experimental methods of research over nonexperimental methods is that experimental methods A. do not require a control group. B. require less participants. C. can establish cause-and-effect relationships. D. are lifelike and intuitive. 116.The major difference between a laboratory experiment and a field experiment is the degree of A. control. B. manipulation. C. random assignment. D. correlation. 117.The research team at University Hospital wants to ensure that their research results can be verified by others through replication. What research technique should they use? A. natural experiment B. laboratory experiment C. case study D. cross-sectional naturalistic observation 118.A researcher who studies identical twins separated at birth and reared in different environments is using a A. laboratory experiment. B. field experiment. C. natural experiment. D. correlational experiment. 119.Natural experiments compare people who have been divided into separate groups A. through random sampling. B. through matching. C. by the researcher. D. due to accidental life circumstances. 120.Which of the following is a shortcoming of the laboratory experimental approach to understanding human development? A. It is often difficult to randomly assign subjects to different treatment conditions. B. Experiments rarely inform us about cause-and-effect relationships. C. This technique does not work well for the study of aggression. D. The results may not be applicable outside the experimental situation. 121.Over a 10-year period, a university professor followed the same group of school children, measuring their performance twice a year. Which method of data collection did he use? A. cross-sectional B. longitudinal C. cross-sequential D. clinical 122.An experimenter measures the cognitive skills of 100 three-year-olds and compares the results with the skills exhibited by 100 seven-year-olds. This is an example of which research method? A. cross-sectional B. longitudinal C. sequential D. clinical 123.Researchers realize that while it may provide invaluable information, a study istimeconsuming and expensive, and it has problems associated with attrition. A. longitudinal B. cross-sectional C. cross-sequential D. clinical 124.An advantage of the cross-sectional research method is that it A. provides information about how the same person changes with age. B. provides information about differences in behavior among people of different ages. C. eliminates the effect of "cohort differences." D. is more sensitive than the longitudinal method to individual behavioral change and stability. 125.Which of the following research methods was designed to deal with the disadvantages of both the longitudinal and the cross-sectional designs? A. life-span B. clinical C. sequential study D. behavior sampling 126.A therapist is studying the behavior of children whose parents divorced six months before the children started school and children whose parents divorced two years before the children started school. Both groups of children will be followed and measured over the course of five years. This is an example of a design. A. cross-sectional B. sequential C. longitudinal D. life-span sampling 127.Dr. Knowles wants to assess the effectiveness of Ritalin, a drug used to treat hyperactivity and inattention. At the beginning of the school year, he gives a test of cognitive skills to two groups of children who are on the medication: third-graders and fifth-graders. He retests both groups at the end of the first semester and at the end of the school year. Dr. Knowles is using a design. A. sequential B. cross-sectional C. longitudinal D. time-sampling 128.Which of the following is NOT one of the ethical guidelines that a researcher must follow when conducting research with human subjects? A. right to privacy and confidentiality B. right to informed consent C. right to financial remuneration D. right to self-esteem 129.A researcher is interested in the learning capabilities of children who are yelled at by an adult. She recruits a former drill sergeant to scream at a group of 7-year-olds while they learn a list of terms from a screen. What is the main problem with this study? A. There is no control group. B. The dependent variable is not operationally defined. C. It is unethical. D. The study should be done with both a list of terms and math calculations. 130.When performing psychological research with children, a researcher's primary consideration must be A. research ethics. B. using the correct research design. C. random sampling. D. operationally defining variables. 131.In research ethics, beneficence refers to A. the inclusion of diverse groups in research studies. B. the obligation to maximize positive influences and minimize harm for subjects. C. a guarantee of privacy. D. all of the above 132.A theory is a coherent set of logically related concepts that seeks to organize, explain, and predict data. Explain the relationship between a theory and a hypothesis. Using Piaget's cognitive stages of development, give an example of a hypothesis that could be derived from one stage of the theory. 133.Imagine you are a new student teacher in a fourth-grade classroom. You have been asked to "back up" your lesson plans with the appropriate developmental theories. Define Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, and describe how it was influenced by and differed from Freud's psychosexual theory. Give an example of how you would apply each theory in a fourth-grade classroom. 134.Explain the difference between classic